ANSC 250 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (January 20)What are the characteristics of true companion animals? List examples of companion animals. How many households own at least one companion animal? What are the two important pieces of the definition of the Human-Animal Bond, and what do they mean? Who can benefit from theHAB? Is the HAB always positive? -What are the characteristics of true companion animals?-Provide company to humans, kept for pleasure rather than utility, receive personal attention, benefits are non-commercial, also known as “pets”-List examples of companion animals. -Dogs, cats, birds, horses, reptiles, small mammals, and any other species someone keeps purely for pleasure. Dogs and cats are most common species.-How many households own at least one companion animal? - 68% -The Human-Animal Bond (HAB)-What are the two important pieces of the definition of the HAB, and what do these mean? -Mutually beneficial – both groups benefit from the bond-Dynamic – always changing-Who can benefit from the HAB? -Both the human and the animal involved-Reduces stress-Increases exercise, play, laughter-Decreases loneliness-Stimulus for social interaction-Enhances self esteem-Lowers blood pressure and risk of heart disease-Reduces anxiety and depression-Is the HAB always positive? -No, can also be negative. May also break or never form when someone obtains a companion animalLecture 2 (January 22) What is domestication? List the two requirements of domestication. What is taming? In the Dogs Decoded Video, after looking at mitochondrial DNA, what animal did scientists determinedomesticated dogs orginally descended from? What did the experiment with wolf puppies in Hungary show us about dog domestication? What was the example of domestication/taming? What occurred in the silver fox experiment in Siberia? When and where were dogs domesticated? What was human civilization like at that time? What is the first hypothesis for dog domestication? What is the second hypothesis for dog domestication? When and where were cats domesticated? What was the wild ancestor? How did cats become domesticated? How were cats viewed in ancient egypt? How does this compare to the Middle Ages? What is Domestication?-List the two requirements of domestication. -Refers to a population of animals-Traits are passed to offspring -Domestication is NOT taming.What is tame (3 distinctions) -Refers to an individual animal-Retention of wild characteristics-Traits are not passed to offspring-To domesticate an animal, you must choose the most tame individuals in a population, and selectively breed those individuals for many generations.Dogs Decoded Video Part 1-After looking at mitochondrial DNA, what animal did scientists determine domesticated dogs originally descended from? -The gray wolf-Dog Domestication-When and where were dogs domesticated? What was human civilization like at that time?-Best guess is 16,000 years ago. Location is unknown at this time (several places?). -Humans were hunter-gatherers at this time-What is the first hypothesis for dog domestication? Explain this.-Human-mediated. Humans raise orphaned wolf puppies, some kept as food/fur resource. May have been used for other uses (hunting). Kept the most tame, culled (killed) the most aggressive.-What is the second hypothesis for dog domestication? Explain this.-Self domestication. Dogs domesticated themselves. More tame wolves could approach human camps to get waste foods. More fit and able to pass on genes. Natural selection chooses for tameness over many generations. Dogs Decoded: Part 2-What did the experiment with wolf puppies in Hungary show us about dog domestication? What was this an example of….domestication or taming?-This experiment showed that the way we raise a dog/wolf does not create a dog. The wolf puppies were raised like dogs, but still retained their wild traits. This was an example of taming.-What occurred in the silver fox experiment in Siberia? What was this an exampleof, domestication or taming?-Silver foxes were selected specifically for tameness or aggression and bred for many generations. The ones chosen for tameness became more naturally tame over time and had physical and behavioral changes over time. The ones chosen for aggression became more aggressive over time. This was an example of domestication.Cat Domestication-When and where were cats domesticated? What was the wild ancestor?-8,000 years ago in the Middle East (near Egypt). The wild ancestor was the African wildcat.-How did cats become domesticated?-They self-domesticated while eating rats and mice near surplus grain storage.-How were cats viewed in ancient Egypt? How does this compare to the Middle Ages?-Cats were protected and revered in Egypt, but were despised and killed inMiddle Ages. May have led to the spread of the Black Death (Bubonic plague) when many cats were killed and could not control the rat population causing the disease.Selective Breeding-What are the first domesticated dogs called?-Pariah dogs-How did specific traits (like good eyesight and the ability to sprint faster) evolve in the domesticated dog? -People rewarded their best hunters which made them more fit and more likely to pass on their genes. Humans were intentionally or unintentionally breeding for those traits. Over time, the dogs developed those skills which resulted in the variety in dog breeds we see today.-What is selective breeding?-Humans choosing the traits we want in our dogs-Prior to the 1800’s what were dogs selectively bred for? Starting in the 1800’s and continuing today, what is the main trait dogs are selected for? -Pre-1800s: Function-Post-1800s: Form (purebred dogs)-What are some issues that come along with breeding purebred dogs?-Meeting breed standards, inbreeding, and lack of focus on behavior and health.-Purebred dogs tend to suffer from many different-congenital and genetic diseases-What is the written description of perfection for a breed called?-Breed standard-The United Kennel Club has the “total dog philosophy” which also emphasizes health and function of the dog rather than focusing only on meeting breed standards.Lecture 3 (January 27) What are exotic animals? Provide examples of exotic pets. What does “wild caught” refer to? What are the concerns with wild caught exotic pets? What are the sources of “captive bred” exotics? What is a zoonotic disease? What