ANSC 250 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is a companion animal?II. Roles in SocietyIII. Pet ownership statistics IV. Why do we love cats and dogs?A. The Human-Animal Bond (HAB)Outline of Current Lecture I. Defining domesticationII. Dogs Decoded video III. Selective breedingCurrent LectureI. What is domestication?A.Refers to a population of animals B.Traits are passed to offspring C.“The process by which a wild species is adapted to live with humans”- Zawistowski D.“Artificial shielding from risks that normally shorten lives of wild organisms”- Dawkins E.Requirementsi.Flexible dietii.Reasonably fast growth rateiii.Ability to be bred in captivity- (increased reproductive efficiency)iv.Pleasant dispositionv.Even temperament vi.Modifiable social hierarchy vii.Physical change (morphology- size, color… etc) F.Domestication is NOT tamingi.Taming1.Refers to an individual animal2.Retention of wild characteristics 3.Traits are not passed on to offspring 4.“Reduced tendency to flee or be defensive around humans” These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.G.To domesticate an animal, you must choose the most tame individuals in a population, and selectively breed those individuals for many generations H.Finding one animal and managing to tame it doesn’t mean “tameness” is in its genes- You want more naturally tame animals I.Functional domestication (Ex. smaller horns, more wool, less muscular, adapt to fit needs of humans, smaller brain, teeth, body size)i.Ex. Dogs: dogs are domesticated wolves- contracted/shorter face; changes in mitochondrial DNA shows estimation of when domestication happened ii.DOGS DECODED- Where and when: 11-32,000 yrs ago 1.When (best guess): 16,000 yrs ago2.Where: highly debated, currently unknown 3.How: a.2 hypotheses exist:i.Human Mediated Domestication1.Clutton- Brock 1995 in The Domestic Doga.Wolves as a resources (furs, food, etc)b.Pups are a travel snack 2.Pang et al. 2009 Molecular Biology & Evolution a.Origin in SE Asiab.Domestication as a food source3.Taking in orphaned wolf puppies, Keeping the most tame, and culling those too aggressive to handle ii.Self Domestication 1.Idea that dogs essentially domesticated themselves2.Most naturally tame wolves scavenged near human settlements and obtained the most food à more fit3.These more tame wolves were more likely to pass on their genes to future generations.Natural selection creates the domesticated dog iii.DOGS DECODED PART 2: Tameness vs. Domestication 1.Raising wolf puppies: taming2.Silver Fox Experiment: domestication (selectively breed them over generations) iv.DOGS: origin of variability1.“Pariah” or “Village” dogs2.Essentially the first domesticated dogs3.Dogs for hunting- saluki- 5,000-6,000 yrs agov.CATS: WHERE AND WHEN1.How: grains--> more rodents, needed pest control so needed cats 2.Origin of variability (coat color, size, etc)a.Egypti.Honored and reveredii.Gods with cat like appearanceiii.Protected by laws iv.Religious rituals 1.Mourned the loss of the family’s catb.Middle Ages i.Cats were hated b/c were linked to femininity, witches ii.Killing a lot of cats leaded to less pest control more spread of diseases iii.Fear of black cats originated at this time 3.Domestic short, medium, long-haired cats (not pure bred- majority of our cats) II.Selective BreedingA.Humans choosing the traits we want (saluki, husky, akita, chowchow, tibetan terrier) B.Pre 1800’si.Function1.Abilities2.Hunting, herding, protection, etc. C.Early 1800’s i.Functional form ii.Birth of the “Dog Fancy”iii.Pet ownership and breeding as status symbolD.Post WWIIi.Family dog and the American Dreamii.Increased demand for purebred dogsiii.Introduction of the “Puppy Mill” E.Kennel Clubsi.Founded in 1873 in UK for dog breedersF.American Kennel Club (AKC) i.Founded in 1884 in US for dog breedersG.Cat Fancier’s Associationi.Founded in 1906 for cat breeders specifically H.Issues that come along with purebred dog breeding?i.Meeting breed standardsii.Inbreeding (less genetic variability) iii.No focus on health, behavior, or function (unproductive