Biol 1411 1st Edition Lecture 32 Outline of Last Lecture I DNA sequencing Outline of Current Lecture II Darwinian Selection Natural and Artificial Current Lecture Evolution Evolution is the genetic change or phenotypic change in populations from generation to generation Charles Darwin natural selection populations change over time o Natural selection slight variations among individuals affect the changes of surviving and producing offspring o Artificial Selection humans selectively breeding dog breeding Why evolution is true o 1 Evolution change over generations o 2 Gradualism changes are small o 3 Speciation species diversify split o 4 Common ancestry organisms related through ancestors o 5 Natural selection differential reproduction mediated by environment o 6 Nonselective mechanisms changes can occur by chance Evolution of Populations o For a population to evolve its members must possess heritable genetic variation o Genetic makeup of an organism is the genotype The phenotype is the physical expression of an organisms genes A population evolves when individuals with different genotypes survive or reproduce at different rates Population a group of individuals of the same species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area Adaptation the processes by which useful characteristics evolve and the characteristics themselves Gene pool sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population It is the source of genetic variation that produces the phenotypic traits on which natural selection can act Recombinant DNA as a template for sequencing These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Recombinant DNA clones are often used as sequencing template o Plasmids are good for amplifying a template for sequencing Libraries of recombinant clones o Genomic library collection of DNA fragments that compromise the genome of an organism o cDNA library is a collection of DNA copies of mRNA molecules from a cell tissue or organism mRNA is extracted and copied into DNA using reverse transcriptase each mRNA copy is inserted into a vector which is used to produce a colony of recombinant cells Recombinant DNA o Restriction endonucleases are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA at specific sites o DNA ligase catalyzes phoshodiester bond formation between DNA fragments o Recombinant DNA DNA molecule made in the laboratory that is derived from at least two genetic sources Restriction Enzymes restriction enzymes recognize palindromic DNA sequences some make straight cuts others make staggered cuts called sticky ends
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