BIOL 1411 1st Edition Lecture 31Outline of Last Lecture I. DNA sequencing Outline of Current Lecture II. Darwinian Selection: Natural and ArtificialLectureEvolution- Evolution is the genetic change or phenotypic change in populations from generation to generation - Charles Darwin: natural selection, populations change over timeo Natural selection: slight variations among individuals affect the changes of surviving and producing offspringo Artificial Selection: humans selectively breeding (dog breeding)- Why evolution is trueo 1. Evolution: change over generationso 2. Gradualism: changes are smallo 3. Speciation- species diversify (split)o 4. Common ancestry- organisms related through ancestorso 5. Natural selection: differential reproduction mediated by “environment”o 6. Nonselective mechanisms: changes can occur by chance - Evolution of Populationso For a population to evolve, its members must possess heritable genetic variationo Genetic makeup of an organism is the genotype The phenotype is the physical expression of an organisms genes A population evolves when individuals with different genotypes survive orreproduce at different rates - Population: a group of individuals of the same species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area- Adaptation: the processes by which useful characteristics evolve and the characteristics themselves - Gene pool: sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population. It is the source of genetic variation that produces the phenotypic traits on which natural selection can act - Recombinant DNA as a template for sequencingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Recombinant DNA clones are often used as sequencing templateo Plasmids are good for amplifying a template for sequencing- Libraries of recombinant cloneso Genomic library- collection of DNA fragments that compromise the genome of anorganismo cDNA library- is a collection of DNA copies of mRNA molecules from a cell, tissue,or organism. mRNA is extracted and copied into DNA using reverse transcriptase, each mRNA copy is inserted into a vector, which is used to produce a colony of recombinant cells - Recombinant DNAo Restriction endonucleases- are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA at specific siteso DNA ligase- catalyzes phoshodiester bond formation between DNA fragmentso Recombinant DNA- DNA molecule made in the laboratory that is derived from at least two genetic sources - Restriction Enzymes: restriction enzymes recognize palindromic DNA sequences, some make straight cuts, others make staggered cuts called sticky
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