BIOL 1411 1st Edition Lecture 26 Outline of Last Lecture I Gene Expression a Regulation Outline of Current Lecture I Eukaryotic Gene Expression Lecture Post transcriptional eukaryotic gene regulation o Different mRNAs can be made from the same gene by alternative splicing o As intron and exons are spliced differently distinct proteins can be made o Can be a deliberate mechanism for generating proteins with different functions from a single gene Processing of Polypeptides after translation o Protein modifications Proteolysis cutting of a long polypeptide chain into final products by proteases Glycosylation addition of sugars to form glycoproteins Phosphorylation addition of phosphate groups catalyzed by protein kinases charged phosphate groups change the conformation Points of eukaryotic gene regulation o Transcriptional control regulates access chromatin and recruitment of RNA polymerase to the promoter in nucleus o Processing control regulates splicing capping and tailing of pre mRNA in nucleus o mRNA transport and stability regulates nuclear export and localization in cytoplasm and half life of mRNA o Translation control regulates mRNA assembly with ribosome and polypeptide synthesis o Posttranlational processing regulates protein activity through processing folding joining and making chemical modifications mRNA Degradation by MicroRNAs o double stranded microRNAs made from long RNA transcripts o microRNAs are complementary to target mRNAs Target mRNA degraded so not available for translation These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Processes of Development o Determination sets the fate of the cell o Differentiation is the process by which different types of cells arise o Morphogenesis is the organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells o Growth is an increase in boy size by call division and cell expansion How is cell fate determined o How can one fertilized egg produce so many different differentiated cell types Cytoplasmic segregation unequal cytokinesis factors that are unequally distributed in the cytoplasm may end up in some daughter cells but not others Induction cell to cell communication a factor secreted by certain cells induces other cells to differentiate
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