BIOL 1411 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Proteins Outline of Current Lecture I. CarbohydratesII. Nucleic AcidsIII. LipidsCurrent LectureI. Carbohydrates- General Formula: Cn(H2O)n- 4 categorieso Monosaccharaides-smallest sugarso Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharide linked by covalent bondso Oligosaccharides- 3-20 monosaccharaideso Polysaccharides- hundreds or thousands of monomers (starch, glycogen, cellulose- Glucose- Ribos- carbon #2 has hydroxide group- Deoxyribos- carbon #2 does not havea hydroxide group, only H- Monosaccharides are joined together by condensation reactions- Glycosidic Linkage- the bond that holds sugar molecules together- Sugars not limited to 2 bonds per monomer, can be branched (starch-plants, glycogen-animals: both storage molecules)- Polysaccharides store energy- Cellulose- useful to structure of plants, it is linear to become rigid- Glycogen can be extensively branched- Functions of Carbso Cell energy: immediate or storedo Carbon skeletono Cell recognition signalso Extracellular structures (cell walls) (exoskeletons)II. Nucleic acids- Nucleotides- monomer of nucleic acids- Nucleic acids- polymersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Made of 3 componentso Base Single ring pyrimidines: C, T, U Double ring purines: A, Go Sugaro Phosphate group- DNA: (A G, C, T) o Sugar: deoxyriboso Double stranded- RNA- has uracil instead of thymine (A, U, G, C)o Riboso Single Stranded- Carbon #5: is where the phosphate is attached- Polarity from carbon 3 to carbon 5- Phosphodiester linkage- covalent bond between nucleotides- Linkages create a “backbone” of alternating phosphates and sugars- Adds from 5’ to 3’ - RNA CAN be stranded, but only within a molecule. Some nucleotides pair together- The 2 chains in DNA are antiparallel, opposite directions- Functions of DNAo Caries genetic infoo Can reproduce itselfo Can copy specific segments of the information into RNA (transcription)o RNA then can specify a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptides(translation) to make proteins (end goal)- Other functions of nucleotideso ATP- energy transducer in biochemical reactionso GTP- energy source in protein synthesiso cAMP- essential to the action of hormones and transmission of information in the nervous system (c stands for cyclic) - G-C has 3 hydrogen bonds, A-T have 2 hydrogen bonds, that is why DNA strands with more G-C pairs are more stableIII. Lipids- Hydrophobic- Form nonpolar covalent bonds- Triglycerides- glycerol + 3 fatty acids- Phospholipids- glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate- Carotenoids- hydrocarbon rings with a terminal ring- Steroids- have 4 ring structure- Ester linkages- bonds of fatty acids, covalent- Fatty acids- amphipathic (have opposing chemical properties- Carbon tails - Saturated fatty acid- saturated with carbons, linear- Unsaturated- bent, double bondsLearning Objectives:- Types of chemical bonding and molecular interactions in living organisms- Discriminate among the four types of macromoleculeso Functional groups of the monomers or the subunitso How they are synthesizedo Overall chemical and physical properties- Relate structure of each macromolecule to their functions in organismsKey Termsadenine (A)amphipathicbasebilayercarbohydratescytosine (C)deoxyriboseDNAdouble helixdisaccharidesester linkagefatsfatty acidglucoseglycerolglycosidic linkagesguanine (G)hexoseshydrolysis reactionlipidsmonosaccharidesnucleic acidsnucleotidesoilsoligosaccharidespentosespeptide linkagephosophodiesterphospholipid bilayerphospholipidspolymerspolysaccharidespurinepyrimadineriboseRNAsaturated fatty acidsthymine (T)triglycerideunsaturated fatty acidsuracil
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