BIOL 1411 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Proteins Outline of Current Lecture I Carbohydrates II Nucleic Acids III Lipids Current Lecture I Carbohydrates General Formula Cn H2O n 4 categories o Monosaccharaides smallest sugars o Disaccharides 2 monosaccharide linked by covalent bonds o Oligosaccharides 3 20 monosaccharaides o Polysaccharides hundreds or thousands of monomers starch glycogen cellulose Glucose Ribos carbon 2 has hydroxide group Deoxyribos carbon 2 does not havea hydroxide group only H Monosaccharides are joined together by condensation reactions Glycosidic Linkage the bond that holds sugar molecules together Sugars not limited to 2 bonds per monomer can be branched starch plants glycogen animals both storage molecules Polysaccharides store energy Cellulose useful to structure of plants it is linear to become rigid Glycogen can be extensively branched Functions of Carbs o Cell energy immediate or stored o Carbon skeleton o Cell recognition signals o Extracellular structures cell walls exoskeletons II Nucleic acids Nucleotides monomer of nucleic acids Nucleic acids polymers These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Made of 3 components o Base Single ring pyrimidines C T U Double ring purines A G o Sugar o Phosphate group DNA A G C T o Sugar deoxyribos o Double stranded RNA has uracil instead of thymine A U G C o Ribos o Single Stranded Carbon 5 is where the phosphate is attached Polarity from carbon 3 to carbon 5 Phosphodiester linkage covalent bond between nucleotides Linkages create a backbone of alternating phosphates and sugars Adds from 5 to 3 RNA CAN be stranded but only within a molecule Some nucleotides pair together The 2 chains in DNA are antiparallel opposite directions Functions of DNA o Caries genetic info o Can reproduce itself o Can copy specific segments of the information into RNA transcription o RNA then can specify a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptides translation to make proteins end goal Other functions of nucleotides o ATP energy transducer in biochemical reactions o GTP energy source in protein synthesis o cAMP essential to the action of hormones and transmission of information in the nervous system c stands for cyclic G C has 3 hydrogen bonds A T have 2 hydrogen bonds that is why DNA strands with more G C pairs are more stable III Lipids Hydrophobic Form nonpolar covalent bonds Triglycerides glycerol 3 fatty acids Phospholipids glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate Carotenoids hydrocarbon rings with a terminal ring Steroids have 4 ring structure Ester linkages bonds of fatty acids covalent Fatty acids amphipathic have opposing chemical properties Carbon tails Saturated fatty acid saturated with carbons linear Unsaturated bent double bonds Learning Objectives Types of chemical bonding and molecular interactions in living organisms Discriminate among the four types of macromolecules o Functional groups of the monomers or the subunits o How they are synthesized o Overall chemical and physical properties Relate structure of each macromolecule to their functions in organisms Key Terms adenine A guanine G purine amphipathic hexoses pyrimadine base hydrolysis reaction ribose bilayer lipids RNA carbohydrates monosaccharides saturated fatty acids cytosine C nucleic acids thymine T deoxyribose nucleotides triglyceride DNA oils unsaturated fatty acids double helix oligosaccharides uracil U disaccharides pentoses ester linkage peptide linkage fats phosophodiester fatty acid phospholipid bilayer glucose phospholipids glycerol polymers glycosidic linkages polysaccharides
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