Econ 101 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 14 28 Chapter 11 The Cell Cycle Cell division is the basis of growth development tissue repair and reproduction of living organisms Compare and contrast types of cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Relate the terms genome DNA molecule chromosome chromatid within the context of the cell cycle Mitosis coordinates nuclear division in eukaryotic cells to produce genetically identical daughter cells Diagram and explain the stages of the mitotic cell cycle with respect to changes in DNA content and compaction Describe chromosome movement during mitosis and the cellular machinery involved The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of several phases and is regulated by a molecular control system Recognize the relationships between phases of the cell cycle and the checkpoints Predict the consequences of perturbations in the checkpoints of the mitotic cell cycle Relate between the breakdown of cycle controls and cancer formation Contrast the roles of oncogene and tumor suppressor proteins in the formation of cancer Chapter 12 Meiosis Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes involves meiosis and formation of haploid gametes o Identify the role of meiosis within the sexual eukaryotic life cycle o Recognize three major types of sexual life cycles in eukaryotes o Distinguish between diploid and haploid chromosome number within a karyotype Meiosis has two consecutive nuclear divisions resulting in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell o Illustrate pairing and segregation of chromosomes and chromatids through meiosis I and meiosis II o Compares and contrast chromosome behavior in mitosis versus meiosis Segregation of chromosomes in meiosis accounts for mendels laws of segregation and independent assortment Dominance is not always complete and it depends on the interation between alleles Alleles of Different genes can interact to affect the phenotype Some phenotypes are determines by many genes Genes in physical proximity on the same chromosome exhibit linkage The frequency of crossing over between linked genes is a measure of their relative distance Chapter 13 DNA structure Key experiments were used to demonstrate that DNA is the hereditary material of life Complementary bade pairing within the DNA double strand helix is specific and consistent with Chargaff s rule of base composition Complementary base pairing within the DNA double stranded helix is specific and consistent with Chargaff s Rule of base composition Physical structure of the DNA molecule relates to its function in the cell DNA replicates through a semiconservative mechanism involving many proteins and using processes specific to the leading and lagging strand Chapter 14 DNA replicates through a semiconservative mechanism involving many proteins and using processes specific to the leading and lagging strand Gene regions in DNA are expressed through production of RNA and protein Promoter regions orient transcription of DNA into RNA Introns are commonly removed from the pre mRNA of eukaryotic gens mRNA sequences are decodes by reading consecutive 3 basse codons after the start codon Chapter 16 Gene Regulation Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at various levels and control points Selective gene expression underlies cell determination and differentiation in multicellular organisms Chapter 19 Developmental Genetics Regulation of gene expression during embryonic development produces specific spatial patterns of tissues and organs in multicellular organisms Chapter 15 1 Mutation Mutations change the sequence of DNA and may alter or eliminate encoded proteins with or without phenotypic consequences Chapter 15 2 Mutation Mutations change the sequence of DNA and may alter of eliminate sencoded proteins with or without pynotypic consequences Mutations occur spontaneously at low reate but can also be induced by mutagens Many human genetic diseases are caused by mutations that aafect the function of proteins