Econ 101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 14 - 28Chapter 11: The Cell Cycle- Cell division is the basis of growth, development, tissue repair and reproduction of living organisms- Compare and contrast types of cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- Relate the terms genome, DNA molecule, chromosome, chromatid within the context of the cell cycle- Mitosis coordinates nuclear division in eukaryotic cells to produce genetically identical daughter cells- Diagram and explain the stages of the mitotic cell cycle with respect to changes in DNA content and compaction- Describe chromosome movement during mitosis and the cellular machinery involved - The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of several phases and is regulated by a molecular control system- Recognize the relationships between phases of the cell cycle and the checkpoints- Predict the consequences of perturbations in the checkpoints of the mitotic cell cycle- Relate between the breakdown of cycle controls and cancer formation- Contrast the roles of oncogene and tumor suppressor proteins in the formation of cancer Chapter 12: Meiosis- Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes involves meiosis and formation of haploid gametes o Identify the role of meiosis within the sexual eukaryotic life cycleo Recognize three major types of sexual life cycles in eukaryoteso Distinguish between diploid and haploid chromosome number within a karyotype- Meiosis has two consecutive nuclear divisions, resulting in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell o Illustrate pairing and segregation of chromosomes and chromatids through meiosis I and meiosis IIo Compares’ and contrast chromosome behavior in mitosis versus meiosis - Segregation of chromosomes in meiosis accounts for mendels laws of segregation and independent assortment- Dominance is not always complete and it depends on the interation between alleles- Alleles of Different genes can interact to affect the phenotype- Some phenotypes are determines by many genes- Genes in physical proximity on the same chromosome exhibit linkage- The frequency of crossing over between linked genes is a measure of their relative distanceChapter 13: DNA structure- Key experiments were used to demonstrate that DNA is the hereditary material of life- Complementary bade pairing within the DNA double-strand helix is specific, and consistent with Chargaff’s rule of base composition - Complementary base pairing within the DNA double-stranded helix is specific, and consistent with Chargaff’s Rule of base composition- Physical structure of the DNA molecule relates to its function in the cell- DNA replicates through a semiconservative mechanism involving many proteins and using processes specific to the leading and lagging strandChapter 14- DNA replicates through a semiconservative mechanism involving many proteins and using processes specific to the leading and lagging strand- Gene regions in DNA are expressed through production of RNA and protein- Promoter regions orient transcription of DNA into RNA- Introns are commonly removed from the pre-mRNA of eukaryotic gens- mRNA sequences are decodes by reading consecutive 3-basse codons after the start codonChapter 16: Gene Regulation- Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at various levels and control points- Selective gene expression underlies cell determination and differentiation in multicellular organisms Chapter 19: Developmental Genetics- Regulation of gene expression during embryonic development produces specific spatial patterns of tissues and organs in multicellular organismsChapter 15.1: Mutation- Mutations change the sequence of DNA and may alter or eliminate encoded proteins with or without phenotypic consequencesChapter 15.2: Mutation- Mutations change the sequence of DNA and may alter of eliminate sencoded proteins with or without pynotypic consequences- Mutations occur spontaneously at low reate, but can also be induced by mutagens- Many human genetic diseases are caused by mutations that aafect the function of