BIOL 1411 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I Carbohydrates II Nucleic Acids III Lipids Outline of Current Lecture I Lipids Continued II III Cells Organelles Current Lecture I Lipids Continued Phospholipid only has 2 hydrocarbon chains hydrophilic head with hydrophobic tail Useful for cell membranes Dehydration condensation Lipid monolayers assemble themselves Float on water then orient in same directions Interactions between tails Phospholipid bilayer double layer of lipids aligning Micelle lipid enclosed area of aqueous solution Liposome Double layered sphere of lipids cell membranes Carotenoids pigments light capture Steroids multiple rings share carbons II Cells These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Cell Theory Cells are the fundamental unit of life Smallest entities that can exist and function independently All organisms consist of one or more cells A bacterium a yeast cell and you have much in common All cells come from pre existing cells Smallest unit of reproduction Cells smallest entities that can exist and functions independently All cells come from preexisting cells Smallest unit of reproduction Common features of Cells Small Light microscopy Fluorescent light microscopy absorbs light of low wavelength and emits at higher wavelength Antibodies provide specificity to labels Electron Microscopy electrons showered upon a sample very high resolutions only dead cells Why are cells small cells must exchange materials with the environment Exchanges with environment occur at cell surface and are limited by surface area not enough surface area means nutrients cant flow in fast enough Structural Features of Cells Plasma membrabe surrounds the fluids and other structures that make up the insides of a cell Cytoplasm the insides which consists of a liquid water based cytosol containing dissolved molecules as well as various visible structures Genome of DNA Ribosomes molecular machines for making cell proteins Prokaryotic Bacteria and archea Smallests simplest cells Genomes consisting of one or two molecules of DNA concentrated in a nucleoid Have great metabolic diversity Exterior rigid cell wall Some have second outer membrane Some have a slimy capsule of polycaccharide Some have flagella or pili for locomotion Internal cystoskeleton Eukaryotic III protists fugi plants animals genomes are larger chromosomes have membrane bound organelles each organelle has a specific role in cell separation of cellular activities has allowed diversification of functions and specialization of eukaryotic cells Cell plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus Cytoplasm cytosol organelles cytoskeleton Organelles Nucleous large dense center Houses nucleolus is where ribosomes are made as well a DNA Nuclear envelope 2 membranes with pores Chromatin uncondensed DNA Chromosomes condensed DNA Endomembrane system interconnected system of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum golgi lysosomes Specialized for manufacture customizing packaging and shipping cellular macromolecules especially proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum the highest fraction of a cells membranes
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