BIOL 1411 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. CarbohydratesII. Nucleic AcidsIII. LipidsOutline of Current Lecture I. Lipids ContinuedII. CellsIII. OrganellesCurrent LectureI. Lipids ContinuedPhospholipid- only has 2 hydrocarbon chains, hydrophilic head with hydrophobic tail. Useful for cell membranesDehydration=condensationLipid monolayers assemble themselves. Float on water then orient in same directions. Interactions between tails.Phospholipid bilayer- double layer of lipids aligningMicelle- lipid enclosed area of aqueous solutionLiposome- Double layered sphere of lipids(cell membranes)Carotenoids (pigments)- light captureSteroids- multiple rings share carbonsII. CellsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Cell Theory: Cells are the fundamental unit of life. Smallest entities that can exist and function independently, All organisms consist of one or more cells. – A bacterium, a yeast cell and you have much in common, All cells come from pre-existing cells. – Smallest unit of reproduction Cells- smallest entities that can exist and functions independently- All cells come from preexisting cells- Smallest unit of reproductionCommon features of Cells- SmallLight microscopyFluorescent light microscopy – absorbs light of low wavelength and emits at higher wavelength Antibodies provide specificity to labelsElectron Microscopy- electrons showered upon a sample, very high resolutions, only dead cellsWhy are cells small?-cells must exchange materials with the environment-Exchanges with environment occur at cell surface and are limited by surface area-not enough surface area means nutrients cant flow in fast enoughStructural Features of Cells- Plasma membrabe- surrounds the fluids and other structures that make up the insides ofa cell- Cytoplasm- the insides, which consists of a liquid, water-based cytosol containing dissolved molecules as well as various visible structures- Genome of DNA- Ribosomes- molecular machines for making cell proteinsProkaryotic- Bacteria and archea- Smallests, simplest cells- Genomes consisting of one or two molecules of DNA concentrated in a nucleoid- Have great metabolic diversity- Exterior- rigid cell wall- Some have second outer membrane- Some have a slimy capsule of polycaccharide- Some have flagella or pili for locomotion- Internal- - cystoskeletonEukaryotic - protists, fugi, plants, animals- genomes are larger- chromosomes- have membrane bound organelles- each organelle has a specific role in cell- separation of cellular activities has allowed diversification of functions and specializationof eukaryotic cells- Cell= plasma membrane + cytoplasm + nucleus- Cytoplasm= cytosol +organelles + cytoskeletonIII. OrganellesNucleous- large, dense centerHouses nucleolus is where ribosomes are made as well a DNANuclear envelope- 2 membranes with poresChromatin- uncondensed DNAChromosomes- condensed DNAEndomembrane system- interconnected system of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, lysosomes,Specialized for manufacture, customizing, packaging, and shipping cellular macromolecules especially proteinsEndoplasmic Reticulum- the highest fraction of a cells
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