NSCI 110 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I Sound waves consist of compressed air and rarefied air particles a Frequency is the number of cycles per second pitch b Amplitude is the height of the wave loudness II Threshold is the minimum frequency at which a sound can be heard 50 of the time a Amount of energy needed to hear very low frequency sounds is high III Basic anatomy of the human ear a Outer middle inner ear b The cochlea has three different chambers including the Organ of Corti i Basilar membrane moves in response to sound vibrations and causes hair cells to move and relay action potentials to the cortex Outline of Current Lecture I The auditory system also exhibits tonotopic organization II Information from the ears travels both to the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the cortex III The Wernicke Geschwind model examines normal versus deficient language processing Current Lecture Only selected bipolar cells are activated by hair cells that are moved by the basilar membrane o Allows for tonotopic organization select set of bipolar cells leads to select pathways resulting in processing in the auditory cortex o 5th order 5 separate sets of neurons relaying auditory information 2 3 of the information travels to the contralateral side of the cortex o 1 3 travels to the ipsilateral side There is a delay in time between sound waves hitting one ear from side vs the opposite ear o Superior olive nucleus compares the lateralization of sounds o Inferior colliculus adds to spatial analysis and also detects intensity of sounds Differences in both these aspects allows orientation to the stimuli Sound shadow on contralateral ear Wernicke Geschwind Model based on brain injury o Wernicke s area gives us an auditory image by converting action potentials into language These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Signal sent from axons of the arcuate fasiculus to Broca s area to generate speech This pathway travels along the inner wall of the insula perpendicular to the lateral fissure Basic mechanisms of language o Wernicke Geschwind model examines deficits vs normal functioning Hear sound decipher it convert to auditory image process in Wernicke s area put meaning to the words comprehension involves this simple pathway o More complicated pathway Thought cognitive operation Wernicke s area Broca s area facial area of motor cortex cranial nerves speech o Reading Written word visual cortex angular gyrus Wernicke s area reading
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