NSCI 110 1st Edition Lecture 4A. How does the CNS mediate behavior?a. Spinal cordb. Brainstemc. ForebrainTHE BRAINSTEMB. Begins where the spinal cord enters the skullC. Receives sensory info and directs signals to produce movementD. Three major regions:a. Hindbrain (forearm)i. Evolutionarily the oldest part of the brainii. Controls movement iii. Contains:1. Reticular formation is a network of connections2. Pons (bulge of the midbrain)3. Medulla controls vital functions4. Cerebellum is striated a. Controls rate, range, and force of an ongoing movementb. White & gray matter constitutes the cerebellar cortexc. Subcortical nucleid. Size increases with the physical speed and dexterity of a speciese. Specialized for daily motor tasks of individuals (reflects unique physical abilities of athletes, for examples)f. Cerebellar lesions inhibit the performance of smooth, directed movementsb. Midbrain (wrist)i. Tectum (dorsal)1. Superior colliculusa. Receives visual sensory infob. Mediate this info before it is even consciousc. May have damage to visual cortex (“cortically blind”) but may still be able to orient to certain sights2. Inferior colliculusa. Receives auditory sensory infoii. Tegmentum (ventral)c. Diencephalon (wrist)i. Thalamus (superior)1. Relays sensory info to different cortical regions2. Involved in sensory and motor processingii. Hypothalamus (inferior)1. Controls release of many hormones (via pituitary gland)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Regulates sleep, temperature, feeding and sexual behavior, some emotional behaviors3. Subthalamic nuclei are underneathE. THE FOREBRAINF. Includes all cortical lobesa. Frontal lobe (motor and executive functions)b. Parietal lobe (tactile functions)c. Occipital lobe (visual functions)d. Temporal lobe (visual, auditory, and gustatory functions)G. Gyri are bumps and sulci are foldsa. Central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobesb. Lateral fissure separates the frontal and temporal lobes (a “crease” between the two)i. Longitudinal fissure separates the right and left hemispheres1. Underneath the sagittal sinusH. The forebrain is constructed of cortical layersa. Brodmann’s areas are numbered for cytoarchitecture (neuron’s physical characteristics)b. The frontal lobe contains the motor cortex (posterior)i. The precentralgyrus and postcentralgyrus surround the motor cortexc. The parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex (anterior)d. Layers:i. I-III: integrative functionsii. IV: sensory input1. Size of this layer differs among the motor and somatosensory cortexes a. Thicker in the somatosensory cortexiii. V-VI: output to different brain regions of spinal cord1. Thinner in somatosensory cortexI. The neocortex regulates various mental activitesJ. The basal ganglia control voluntary movementa. Caudate nuclei (left and right)b. Putamenc. Globus pallidus (lateral and medial portions)K. The limbic system regulates emotions and behaviors that create and require memorya. Cingulate cortex links behaviors outcomes to motivationi. Left and right componentsb. Amygdala involved in emotion, feari. Left and right componentsc. Hippocampus (“seahorse”) involved in learning and memoryi. Left and right componentsCRANIAL NERVESL. Are controlled by the brain whereas spinal nerves are controlled by the spinal cordM. Involved in the somatic nervous systemN. Memorize all
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