NSCI 110 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Nuclei located in the hypothalamus extend to either the posterior or anterior pituitary glanda. Two neurohormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, are crucial to this systemII. Traumatic brain injuries are an extremely common source of injurya. Include lesions and zone of trauma, where cell death may occurb. Astrocytes and microglia are involved in responses to injury Outline of Current Lecture I. Biological responses to traumatic brain injuries depend on various physiological factorsa. Volume of central zone of impactb. Degree of inflammation and phagocytosisc. Extent of capillary proliferation and astrocytic scarringII. Secondary sources of injury may also harm the person suffering from a brain injurya. Intracranial hemorrhaging and pressureb. Ischemia c. Edema d. Hydrocephalye. Diaschisisf. Seizures Current Lecture- General biological responses to traumatic brain injurieso Volume of the central necrotic zoneo Degree of vascular inflammationo Extent of capillary proliferationo Degree of phagocytosiso Extent of astrocytic scarring- Some secondary sources of injuryo Intracranial hemorrhage Hematoma: growing mass May occur during the impact o Intracranial pressure Hemorrhage, hydrocephaly, osmotic disturbanceso Ischemia (deficiency of blood) Reducing availability of nutrients from the bloodThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Edema (fluid-induced swelling) In white matter next to focal mass lesions Diffuse brain swelling (hyperemia)o Hydrocephalyo Disturbances in neurotransmitter pathways Dopamine Glutamate (particularly bad)o Diaschisis (shock) in spared tissue (tissue that survived the initial injury) Stop normal neural functioning in order to surviveo Seizureso Delayed effects Axonal or cellular degenerationo All factors can effect proximal (1o) or distal (2o) injury
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