NSCI 110 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. The auditory system also exhibits tonotopic organizationII. Information from the ears travels both to the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the cortexIII. The Wernicke-Geschwind model examines normal versus deficient language processingOutline of Current Lecture I. Music and language related tasks can be detected through PET scansa. Activate different regions surrounding Heschi’s gyrus II. There are various components that constitute expression of languagea. Phoneme, morphemeb. Semantics, syntax, lexiconc. Context, discourseIII. Different varieties of aphasia lead to deficits in speech and comprehension of languageIV. Information involving the somatosensory cortex involves a specific serial ordera. The amount you attend to a motor task depends on familiarity and complexityCurrent Lecture- Cortical activation (PET scan)o Music related tasks Listening to bursts of noise activates a small area below Heschi’s gyrus Listening to melodies activates an area slightly anterior to the gyrus (A2) Comparing pitches activates an area just above the gyrus in the frontal lobeo Language related tasks Listening to bursts of noise activates an area below Heschi’s gyrus, again Listening to words activates Wernicke’s area Discriminating speech sounds activates Broca’s area- Basic components of linguistics expressiono Phoneme: basic units of speech (phonetic; phonetic flags allow distinguishing of one word from another) English 40, Hawaiian 11o Morpheme: smallest meaningful unit of languageo Semantics: meaning of words, phraseso Syntax: grammar, sentence structureo Lexicon: words availableThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Prosody: characteristic melody and rhythms of speech Stress: prominence based on relationships amongst syllables Rhythm: patterns of stress in time Intonation: voice pitcho Contexto Discourse: conversation at level of social interaction- Language symptomology in aphasiao Expressive Broca’so Sensory, receptive Wernicke’s, global, conduction, subcortical- Paraphasia: production of unintended words, syllables, or phrases- Neologism: made up wordMOTOR AND SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS: How does our nervous system produce movement?- Review: central sulcus divides motor and somatosensory cortexeso The fourth layer is larger in the sensory cortex The fifth and sixth layers are larger in the motor cortexo Dermatome: the dorsal root ganglia input that is sensory information traveling tothe spinal cord (derm skin) Myotome: the ventral root ganglia output that travels to muscles- Major components: hierarchy of movement controlo Cerebrum (forebrain): conscious movementso Brainstem (automatic)o Spinal cord (automatic)o Basal ganglia helps produce the appropriate amount of force Grabbing objects Caudate nucleus surrounds lateral ventricles Putamen and globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus next to the third ventricle- Substantia nigra directly under, contains dopaminergic neuronso Cerebellum regulates the timing and accuracy of movement Balance and dexterity of movement Structure reflects specific abilities of a species- Integration of sensory and motor processeso Visual information required to locate an objecto Frontal lobe motor areas plan the reach and command the movemento Spinal cord carries information to the hando Sensory receptors on the fingers send message to sensory cortex saying that the cup has been graspedo Spinal cord carries sensory information to the braino Basal ganglia judge grasp force, and cerebellum corrects movement errorso Sensory cortex receives message that the cup has been grasped- Follows a serial ordero Act feedback act feedback act feedbacko Karl Lashley claimed that the pace at which we process this information is too rapid to have this much in between feedback Movements are performed as motor sequences, with one held in readiness while an ongoing sequence is being completed Feedback is still critical, however As one sequence is executed, the next is being prepared so it can follow the first smoothlyo Amount you attend to a motor task depends on if you are familiar with it or how complex it
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