Psyc 111 1st Edition Lecture 20Current LectureMemory- Human Memoryo Encoding Convert sensory information into a form usable by braino Storage Holding onto information Humans have three separate systemso Retrieval Getting information from storageo Biology and Encoding Hippocampus - Individuals without one, cannot form new memories- Don’t know how hippocampus is important or what it really doeso Levels of Processing Theory Information processed according to meaning- Remembered more efficiently - For a longer period of time More “deeply” we process information - Better we encode ito Improving Encoding  Elaboration- Linking other information at the time of encodingo Worsening Encoding Interference - Forgetting information because of competition from other material Serial Position Effect- Tendency to remember the first and last thing in a list- Storageo Three types of storage Sensory Memory- Preserves information in its original sensory form- Very brief timeo A few seconds at best- Reasonably good capacity- “Reverse Polaroid”- Transfers information into short-term memory Short-term memory- Limited capacity storeo Maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 secondso Up to a few minutes with rehearsal- Rehearsalo Repetitively verbalizing or thinking about informationo Capacity “The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two”- Chunkingo Grouping and organizing information togethero Reduces load on short-term memory Long-Term Memory- Unlimited capacity store- Can hold information over lengthy periods of time - Schemao Organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or evento Derived from previous experienceo Semantic Networks Represented by Semantic Networks Links related concepts Joined together by pathways Consists of nodes representing concepts- Retrievalo Getting information from storage into a form that can be usedo Tip of the tongue Phenomenon  Temporary inability to remember something you know  Accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reacho Avoiding tip-of-tongue  Retrieval cues- Stimuli that help gain access to memories- Ex. What does the word start with?- What is the area code Attempt to activate node in semantic networko Can create problemso Accuracy of Memory Misinformation effect- Recall of a witnessed event is altered by introducing misleading information after the fact- Improving Memoryo Memory not a recording  More like Jell-O- Flexible- Moldable- Needs to sit awhile after being madeo Mnemonic Device Linking a memory with additional retrieval cues Can be effective- Tend to be over-emphasizedo Adequate rehearsal Rehearse it again and againo Over-learning Continued rehearsal of material after you first appear to have mastered ito Distributed Practice Space out rehearsals with periods of rest- Hippocampus takes time to form new memories- Sleep required “Cramming” for exams is not an effective practice o No correlation between confidence and memory Memories older than 6 weekso Do no trust in meta-knowledge Meta-knowledge- Knowledge regarding what one does and does not know- Can be quite poor- Particularly before one has mastery of a skill- Competency is required to understand if you are competent or not- Amnesia and Superior Autobiographical Memoryo Amesia A lack of memory “Forgetting” Everyone has experienced some form of amnesia Amnesia occurs during the any of the three stages- Encodingo “Shallow” encoding results in memory failure o Without effortful processing, memories never form- Storageo Little known about biological basiso More on this in video 1- Retrieval o Losing the path to the informationo Retrograde Amnesia Amnesia from a specific point in time backwards Relatively uncommon- Generally after a head injury or trauma- Generally lose first few hours or days prior to trauma- Do not lose identity informationo Anterograde Amnesia Amnesia for a specific point in time forward Inability to make new memories By far, most commono Notice Clive cannot remember When his wife entered the room What his children are doing now Can still remember how to - Play piano- Speak, write, and sign name- Not surprised wife is talking to himo Short-term memory is normal- What we won’t get too Context-Dependent Memoryo Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curveo Repressed Memories of Trauma – Are they