Psych 111 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Chapters: 5-8Lecture 1I. What is gender?a. Sexi. Biological distinction between male and femaleb. Genderi. Characteristics by which people define male and femaleii. Includes values, meanings and roles associated with sexII. Gender similaritiesa. Cognitive abilitiesb. Study given in 2007 about how many words spoken per day between male and female NO differencec. Aggressioni. Different types for different gendersIII. Gender differencesa. Social interactioni. Norms:1. Standards for expected and accepted behavior2. Product of social interactiona. Learnedb. Sharedb. Biologyi. Play Styles1. Girls play at relations2. Boys play at competitionii. Leads to adult lifeWOMEN-empathy: feel emotionRelational aggression: aggression aimed at relationships and social statusMEN-social dominance seek more social status-physical aggression physical assault and attackLecture 21. Biologya. Men and women are biologically differentb. Sexual dimorphism i. Sexes of the same species differ in genetic or physical makeup2. Sexual dimorphism in Humansa. Babiesb. Why is this important??3. Evolutiona. Organisms have many and varied offspringb. Offspring compete for survivalc. Biological and behavioral variations selectivity increases chances of survival and reproductiond. Natural selectioni. Offspring that survive more likely to pass genes to the next generationii. Over time, population characteristics changee. Sexual selectioni. Natural selection on one sex of a species due to selection pressures from the other sexf. Evolutionary Psychologyi. Studies evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selectionii. What does each gender wants in a romantic partner?1. Men tend to seek younger, faithful partners2. Women tend to seek older partners with more resources. 4. Sexual orientationa. 1948- Kinsey Studyi. One major revelation1. Sexual orientation is continuous variable2. Categories do not adequately describe 3. One can be predominantly heterosexual and somewhat homosexual and vice versab. Development of sexual orientationi. Assuming you are straight..1. When did you first realize you were straightii. All orientations1. What is the earliest age you recall placing the label of your currentsexual orientation on yourself? iii. When do we label ourselves?c. Gender differencesi. Females:1. More “plastic” in their sexualitya. Rates predictable by environment and experienceb. Attending college2. Does not mean more “changeable”3. Does not mean environment and experience cause rates to increase.ii. Males:1. Male homo predicted better by biological factorsa. Number of homo relatives in mother’s lineb. Number of older brothers male has2. Behavior change?a. Not likely to change by any meaningful degreeb. When considering behaviorLecture 3I. Perceptiona. Sensations experiencedi. Interpretedii. Organizedb. In meaningful way by the brainc. Bottom-up processingi. The analysis of smaller features to build up to a complete perceptiond. Top-down processing i. The use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified wholee. Perceptual seti. ***A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not anotherii. Depth:1. Relative size2. Two object3. One further away4. Image size of both is equal (at eye)a. Brain knowsi. Further away = smallerb. Apparent size of faraway object inflatedII. Watched multiple in-class videos on perceptionLecture 4I. Ivan Pavlova. Russian physiologist b. Studying the digestive system c. Particularly saliva produced when eating.d. Experimented with dogs e. Annoyed by dogs salivating when they weren’t supposed toII. Classical Conditioninga. Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces the reflexIII. Terms in Classical Conditioninga. Conditioned stimulusi. Naturally occurring stimulusii. Leads to an involuntary responseiii. Unconditioned responseiv. Involuntary response to naturally occurring U.SIV. Conditioned stimulus a. Produced learned reflex response when paired with the original (US) conditioned responseb. Learned reflex response to the conditioned stimulus c. ConditioningV. Influenced by classical conditionsa. Fearb. reference i. Advertising C. Physiological response to drugs a. Heroin overdose b. Lupus medication VI. Phases of conditioninga. Acquisition b. Initial state of learning a new response tendency c. Unique, unusual or especially intense stimuli tend to become CS’Sd. Extinction i. Gradual weakening an disappearance of a CRVII. Spontaneous Recovery a. The re appearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus VIII. Taste Aversionsa. Paring of a specific taste with nausea or sicknessb. Tends to violate normal rules of classical conditioning c. Can be learned after a single instance d. Is learned even after long time framese. Is difficult to extinguish Lecture 5I. Operant conditioninga. Form of learningb. Voluntary responses controlled by consequencesII. Reinforcementa. Any event or stimulus that increases the probability that a response will occur againb. Also called reinforceIII. Two kinds of reinforcementa. + and –b. IMPORTANT note: negative reinforcement is NOT punishmentIV. Positive Reinforcement a. The addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus (chocolate)V. Negative Reinforcement a. The removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulusi. Buckling seatbeltii. Do what we want, and well take of itVI. Making reinforcement effectivea. Should immediately follow behavior meant to reinforceb. Reinforcer should be desirable to the individual (make sure they love it)c. It’s a GRADUAL journey (reinforce improvement not perfection)VII. Punishmenta. Any event or object that makes a response less likely to happen againTwo types of punishment1. Positive punishment a. The addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulusi. Spanking2. Negative punishmenta. Removal of a pleasurable stimulusi. Time-outWhat does punishment do?Immediately stop an already occurring behavior punishment stops everythingProblems with punishmentI. Controla. Not just the behavior the punisher is interested in stoppingII. Spontaneous recoverya. Punished behavior happened for a reasonb. Reason usually remains after punishmentIII. Only shaping with punishments creates fear and anxietya. Emotional states not conductive to learningLecture 6I. Phases of operant conditioninga.