Psych 111 1st Edition Lecture 4NeuronsOutline of Last Lecture - Types of researcho Survey vs. case studyo Experimental designo The importance of randomo Assignment and replicationo Hindsight basicso Dependent vs independent variablesOutline of Current Lecture II. Nervous SystemA. NeuronsIII. Makeup of a NeuronIV. Step for neurons to send messagesV. NeurotransmittersCurrent LectureNeurons- Nervous systemo Extensive network of specialized cells Carries information to and from all parts of the body Electrical and chemical messageso Neuron Basic cell, makes up nervous system Nerves are made up of neurons- Primary job is to sends and receive messageso Sent electrically - Between two neurons, a chemical message is sent Makeup of a neuron***- Dendrites: branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons.- Cell Body: aka “soma” which maintains the life of the cells (food, waste, etc.) and combines messages from dendrites.- Axon: tube-like structure that carries the neural messages to other cellsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Glial cells: cells that…o provide support for neurons to grow on and aroundo deliver nutrients to neuronso clean up waste products and dead neuronso produce myelin (form of fat)- Myelin: fatty substance that coats the axons of the neuronso Acts as shieldingo Allows for faster transmission of a messageo Damage with multiple sclerosis (auto-immune systemattacks its own body) movement and perception disorder- Terminal Buttons: end of the axon, store and release neurotransmitterso Chemicals which send the messages to the next neuron in the chain - Synapse: an empty spaceo Chemical information is transmittedo Neurons never physically touch one anothero Float around until contact with a dendriteo Message passed on to the next neuron in the chain Steps to sending a message1. Neuron receives chemical message from another neurona. Chemical message can be either excitatory (send a message)or Inhibitory (stop sending messages) depends on what chemical2. Resting potential a. State of neuron when not sending a message b. Negative charge inside the neuronc. Surrounded by sodium (Na+)Action potentiald. Release of the neural impulsee. Na+ enters neurons, charge from – to +f. Change travels from cell body to terminal buttons2b. All-or-none Lawg. A neuron fires at full strength or not at all3. Positive charge arrives at terminal buttonsa. Synapse: an empty spacei. Chemical information is transmittedii. Neurons never physically touch one anotheriii. Float around until contact with a dendriteiv. Message passed on to the next neuron in the chain4. Reuptakea. Used neurotransmitters broken down, components moved back into sending neurons, and reassembling for later useNeurotransmitters- Many different neurotransmitterso Acetylcholine (Ach) Excitatory, skeletal muscle control, memory creationo Serotonin Inhibitory, mood control, sleep inducer “everything is fine” chemicalo Dopamine Excitatory, reward, sensations, approach motives “reward