PSY 2403 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 10 13 Lecture 10 Feb 26th What is Allport s definition of personality Allport said that personality is The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought What are the two different types of research Nomothetic research is research of common traits while idiographic research is research of individual traits What are the 3 types of personal dispositions A cardinal disposition is when most of a person s behavior and thoughts can be labeled using one or two trait terms A central disposition is when most of a person s behavior and thoughts can be labeled using 5 to 10 traits A secondary disposition is related to attitudes or preferences What is the proprium The Proprium is an organizing agent similar to the ego soul or self that is not present at birth but develops as you grow What are the stages of propriate functioning The stages of propriate functioning are bodily self self identity self esteem self extension selfimage self as rational coper and self as knower What is propriate striving Propriate striving is setting long term goals for yourself usually beginning after 12 and occurring during adolescence Lecture 11 March 3rd What is functional autonomy Functional autonomy is when behavior at one point is different from behavior at another point Perseverative behavior is motivated by habit Propriate behavior is done to improve oneself What is the difference between adult and child conscience As a child most actions are done because the child has to he must As a healthy adult actions are done because he ought to What is Allport s views on religion Extrinsic religion is unhealthy because it promotes reliance on favors or a tribal mindset where everyone else is inferior Intrinsic religion is healthy where focus is on the value of unity promoting tolerance What are the 6 criteria for maturity The 6 criteria are extension of the sense of self warm relating to others emotional security or self acceptance realistic perception insight and humor and unifying philosophy of life What is morphogenic science Morphogenic science is Allport s approach to studying the individual through personal letters diaries and journals What is the critique on Allport s trait theory The critique on his theory is that it is high on parsimony but low on falsifiability and organizing knowledge What is Allport s concept of humanity Allport s theory involves free choice over determinism optimism over pessimism teleology over causality conscious over unconscious culture over biology and uniqueness over similarity What is scientific behaviorism It is a philosophy of science that allows for interpretation of behavior not an explanation ov its causes This is valid because science is cumulative values empirical observation and searches for order and lawful relationships What is the law of effect E L Thorndike s law that says that responses to a situation which are followed by a rewarding state of affairs will be strengthened and become habitual responses to that situation What is S conditioning and what is R conditioning S conditioning is classical conditioning where a stimulus elicits a response and the behavior is determined by the stimulus R conditioning is operant conditioning where there is no stimulus just a response punishment or reinforcement The behavior is determined by what comes after the response Lecture 12 March 5th What is an operant level An operant level is the typical response prior to the reinforcer This is used to measure learning by seeing if this number increases or decreases What is shaping Shaping is a procedure in which the experimenter or the environment gives rewards as behavior gets closer to desired behavior Lecture 13 March 10th What is positive reinforcement and what is negative reinforcement Reinforcement results in an increase in the likelihood of a behavior Positive reinforcement is when a factor is added that is desired or liked and negative reinforcement is when a factor that is aversive is taken away What is positive punishment and what is negative punishment Punishment always results in a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior Positive punishment is when a factor is added that is aversive and negative punishment is when a desirable factor is taken away What is extinction Extinction is the tendency of a previously acquired behavior to become progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement Did Skinner prefer punishment or reinforcement and why Skinner preferred reinforcement over punishment This is because he believed that punishment can make someone become fearful teaches only what not to do and justifies the infliction of pain that can hurt someone physically or psychologically What is a primary reinforcer and what is a secondary reinforcer A primary reinforcer is something needed for survival such as food water oxygen elimination and sexual activity A secondary reinforcer is originally biologically neutral and acquire reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers such as money Secondary reinforcers are responsible for most human behavior What is the difference between continuous and partial reinforcement Continuous reinforcement helps to learn a behavior faster but partial reinforcement helps to ensure that the behavior does not go extinct What are the schedules of reinforcement Fixed interval reinforcement happens after a certain set amount of time and only one response is needed Variable interval reinforcement happens after an uncertain amount of time and only one response is needed Fixed ratio reinforcement happens after a set number of responses and produces a high rate of responding Variable ratio reinforcement happens after an uncertain amount of responses Because the reinforcement can be close or far apart the uncertainty keeps you responding resulting in this type of reinforcement having the highest rate of responding and highest resistance to extinction What are the processes used in psychotherapy Behavior therapists attempt to modify behavior by pointing out the positive and negative consequences of behavior Not much emotion is involved in these sessions What is the critique on Skinner s Behavioral Theory Skinner s Behavioral Theory is high on generating research guiding action falsifiability and parsimony What is Skinner s concept of humanity Skinner s concept of humanity involves determinism rather than free will