,PSY 2403 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last LectureI. Reinforcement and PunishmentII. ExtinctionIII. Primary and Secondary ReinforcersIV. How often do reinforcers occur?V. PsychotherapyVI. The Unhealthy PersonalityVII. CritiqueVIII. Concept of Humanity Outline of Current Lecture I. Background InformationII. StructureIII. MotivationIV. Observational LearningV. Self-regulated Behavior and Moral ConductCurrent LectureI. Background Informationa. Watch something to learn it i. Four year old watches rape occur on TV, four year old has just learned it b. Unlike radical behaviorism, this theory looks inside the head i. What you think about that situation matters ii. Cognition will influence whether someone will do something c. Learning principles must account for:i. Thinking and regulating behavior ii. Interaction with others (peer pressure)d. Reciprocal determinismi. Personality not high for prediction of behavior ii. Take into account1. Person, environment, and behavior (triangle) a. In same situation, may have different values, behave differently e. Can predict behavior is certain situations, not various ones i. Controlled situations = more assurance These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Consistency paradox II. Structure – self systema. Cognitive structure - i. Reference mechanism 1. So when you engage in behavior, you have this thinking structureb. Cognitive social person variablesi. Certain things explain why we behave the way we behave1. Encoding strategies, subjective values, expectancies a. Behavior-outcome (if I behave certain way, expect certain things to happen)b. Stimulus-outcome (when I see something I expect this outcome)c. Self- efficacy (vs perceived self- efficacy)i. Self- efficacy = actual abilityii. Perceived- what you think you can do d. How you take in info might be different from someone else2. Self-regulatory systems and plans (internal and external)a. Importance of subjective perceptions c. Competencies – OL (observational learning – skill)i. Skills, mastery, competence III. Motivationa. Representation of future outcomes (expectancies) b. Importance of Goal Setting c. Immediate Feedback IV. Observational learning a. Model(ing)i. Can be person, book, movie, anything that teaches b. Processes governing observational learning i. Attentional – if I’m not paying attention, I’m not learning, pay attention tolearn 1. There are things that determine if we pay attention (distractions or not) ii. Retentional (delayed) – in order to learn, you must retain 1. If you don’t retain, you don’t learn2. Delayed gratification – retained and can do it later, not just right now iii. Motor reproduction (behavioral production) 1. Must be able to reproduce what you are seeing2. If watching person throw a Frisbee on tv but you don’t have arms, you cant reproduce behavior, so not truly learning iv. Motivational (reinforcement – behavioral outcome)1. Need to be somewhat motivatedc. Vicarious reinforcement/ punishment,i. Don’t need direct reinforcementii. Can even learn through someone else’s reinforcement iii. Bobo doll V. Self-regulated behavior and moral conducta. Performance standardsi. Ideas about your performance matterb. Modeling influence i. Best – modified by own accomplishments/failuresc. Moral conduct – self exonerating mechanisms i. Forgive ourselvesii. Ex: moral justification – totally against stealing, but out of job and kids hungry , so steal, justify with kids iii. Okay to behave in a different