, PSY 2403 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last LectureI. Skinner and Operant ConditioningOutline of Current Lecture I. Reinforcement and PunishmentII. ExtinctionIII. Primary and Secondary ReinforcersIV. How often do reinforcers occur?V. PsychotherapyVI. The Unhealthy PersonalityVII. CritiqueVIII. Concept of Humanity Current LectureI. Reinforcement and Punishmenta. Reinforcement: results in increase in likelihood of behaviori. Positive reinforcement: adding something they likeii. Negative reinforcement: taking away something aversiveb. Punishment: results in decrease in likelihood of behavior i. Positive punishment: add something aversive (ex: spanking)ii. Negative punishment: taking away something they like (ex: phone)c. Questions to ask?i. Increasing or decreasing behavior?ii. Taking away or presenting something? (negative or positive)II. Extinctiona. Tendency of a previously acquired behavior (response) to become progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement.b. *Skinner didn’t recommend punishment, preferred reinforcementi. Can make someone become fearfulii. Teaches only what NOT to doiii. Justifies infliction of painIII. Primary and Secondary Reinforcersa. Primary reinforcer (PR) i. Related to survival: food water, oxygen, elimination, and sexual activityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Not biologically neutral – needed for survivalb. Secondary reinforcer (SR)i. Originally biologically neutral and not reinforcingii. Acquire reinforcing properties through association with PR1. Ex: Moneyiii. Responsible for most human behaviorIV. How often do reinforcers occur?a. Continuous or partial (continuous  learn fast, partial  keep behavior)b. Schedules of reinforcementi. Fixed-interval/ Variable-interval  time1. “AVERAGE” # of seconds  Variable. “EVERY” # seconds  Fixed.2. Fixed intervala. Every 30 sec intervals = rewardb. Ex: Weekly/monthly salaryc. Only one response needed3. Variable intervala. Every 5,10,20 sec = rewardb. Number not important but timeii. Fixed-ratio/ Variable-ratio  number1. Depending on number of responses.2. Fixed ratio – every 5th responsea. More work – more payb. Ex: Commissionc. Produces high rate of responding3. Variable ratioa. Reinforcement can be close or far apartb. Uncertainty keeps you respondingc. Ex: Gamblingd. Highest rate of responding, highest resistance to extinctionV. Psychotherapya. Not a psychotherapistb. Psychotherapy – major obstacle to scientific study of human behaviorc. Behavior therapists/treatment processi. Behavior modification techniques1. Point out consequences of behaviors 2. Positive and negativeii. Very black and white – not much emotion involvedVI. The Unhealthy Personalitya. Examples of “Inappropriate Behaviors”i. Drug takingii. Excessively vigorous or restrained behavioriii. Defective self-knowledgeiv. Self-punishmentVII. Critiquea. High on Generating Research; Guiding Actionb. High on Falsifiability and Parsimonyc. Moderate on Organizing KnowledgeVIII. Concept of Humanitya. Determinism over Free Willb. Optimism over Pessimismc. Causality over Teleologyd. Culture over Biologye. Uniqueness over