CRJU 3410 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Agnew’s General Strain TheoryII. Agnew: Adaptations to Strain III. Institutional Anomie TheoryIV. 2 Step Crime ReductionV. Assessing Anomie/StrainVI. Criticism of Strain VII. Strengths and WeaknessesVIII. Public Policy IX. Law Enforcement Practices Outline of Current Lecture I. Techniques and NeutralizationII. Testing NeutralizationIII. Strengths and WeaknessesIV. Neutralization Theory V. Differential Association Theory VI. Sutherland’s Nine StatementsVII. Variations of DATVIII. Testing DATThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IX. Strengths and Weaknesses Current Lecture (Learning Theory)I. Techniques and Neutralization a. Sykes and Matzai. Even criminals believe in the mainstream culture b. Subeterranean valuesi. Morally tinged influences entrenched in cultureii. Basically things that aren’t illegal, but that you are ashamed off. Not socially acceptable probably c. Drifi. Behavior is on a continuum that is moved betweend. Based on observations that criminals:i. Voice guiltii. Respect and admire law-abiding peopleiii. Draw a line on who they can victimizeiv. Not immune to demands of conformity e. How they neutralize their behavior even though they think the above i. Deny responsibilityii. Deny injury (not wrong)iii. Deny the victim (had it coming)1. Justifies hate crimes like this iv. Condemn condemners (they do it so why cant I)v. Appeal to higher loyalties (Peers>larger society)II. Testing Neutralization a. Results have been inconclusiveb. One way of testing whether there is a need for them to neutralize moral constraintsi. If have opposite values, then no need to neutralize ii. Mixed resultsc. Used to explain white-collar crimei. The need to get ahead in corporate world, helps neutralize d. Accounts for aging outi. Never really rejected morality of mainstreame. Explains behavior of occasional or nonchronic delinquents III. Neutralization Theory; Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses• Explains how those who violate some laws also obey others• Poorly refined theory• Mixed/Inconclusive empirical evidence• Explains aging out• Shows a logical tie to other theoriesIV. Neutralization Theory a. Do you recall neutralization any guilt you might have felt for committing a criminal or illegal act?i. Did your neutralizations come before or afer you committed the act in question? ONLY WORKS BEFORE THE ACT. Rationalization is after the act. b. Are there deviant norms and values that you have to neutralize in order to engage in conventional behaviors?i. What neutralizations have you come up with in order to save face when your friends wanted to engage in some forms of deviance but you decided not to take the risk?V. Differential Association Theorya. Edwin L. Sutherland (Final Version 1947)b. Criminal Behavior is learnedc. Principle of Differential Associationi. An excess of definitions favorable to law violations compared with unfavorable ones determines a persons criminalityii. Definitions learned through contact with differential associationsiii. Differential associations vary according to 4 things: 1. Frequency 2. Duration3. Priority4. Intensity VI. Sutherland’s 9 Statements 1. Criminal behavior is learned (assumes blank slate)2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication 3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes A: techniques of committing the crime,which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple; B: the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions, favorable to violations of law over definitions unfavorable to violations of law 7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values since non criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values VII. Variations of DATa. Daniel Glaser: Differential Anticipation Theory i. Personal contacts not necessary, identify with criminal roles is sufficientii. Differential identificationiii. Expectations determine behavior and derive from several sources1. Social bonds or punishments and rewards for behavior2. Differential learning3. Perceived opportunities for success/failure b. C. Ray Jeffery: Differential Reinforcement Theory i. Ties psychological learning processes to DAT (through reinforcement/punishment) ii. Criminal behavior is operant behavior (change with circumstances, not innate) iii. Social and physical environmental changes importantiv. Environment in which act occurs is critical VIII. Testing DATa. Overall, basic tenets of theory supported, but difficult to test ratio of definitions favorable/unfavorable to lawb. Criticismsi. Lacks sufficient operationalization for testingii. Not a generally applicable theory of crimeiii. Humans respond exclusively to social stimuliiv. May be inherently tautological c. Passion crimes may not fall under this (not learned, heat of the moment).IX. Strengths and Weaknesses X. Strengths XI. WeaknessesXII. Commonsense answerXIII. Provides propositional statements and conceptual base for other theoriesXIV. Suggests ways to change behaviorXV. Not class-boundXVI. Difficult to testXVII. May not be useful for explaining certain typesof crime (violent/irrational)XVIII. Does not include individual motivesXIX. May be