CRJU 3410 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Feeble MindednessII. Contemporary IQ Crime LinkIII. Developmental Theories IV. PiagetV. KholbergVI. MaslowVII. Halleck Outline of Current Lecture I. Environmental Criminology II. Assessing Defensible Space III. Routine Activities Theory IV. Assessing RAT V. Examples of RATVI. Strengths and Weaknesses Current LectureI. Environmental Criminologya. Connected crime to land usei. Commercial, residential, etc. ii. The way they use the land can predict the crime in that areab. Jane Jacobsi. Diversity of land use (residential mixed with commercial) was key to safety and low crimeii. Throughout all times of the day, there was people interaction, so lower crime and higher connectedness. iii. Started looking at cities and how their land use equated to criminalityc. Architectural Design StudiesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Relationship between social interaction and self-policing ii. The way apartments or buildings were built (with courtyard gathering, accessible doors, etc.) would change crime iii. Lacked a conceptual baseiv. Experiment was horrible, didn’t work out at all. Actually made spots d. Oscar Newman (1972)i. He gave a conceptual base for the architectural design studiesii. If we build housing with defensible space, crime will go down iii. Four Elements of defensible space: 1. Territoriality: my home is sacred, protect your home2. Natural Surveillance: physical area (clear view) to see the neighborhood3. Image: looks like it’s a secure area, criminals don’t want to commitcrime there (deter) 4. Milieu : areas surrounding the property affect your house (like a park)The physical design of an area enhances or inhibits the inhabitants’ feelings of control and sense of responsibility e. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)i. C Ray Jeffrey (1971) 3 Part strategy to reduce crime: 1. Physical Design: contusive to people interacting with each other but be defendable 2. Citizen involvement: opportunities for community3. More effective CJ system: get police working for that neighborhood. II. Assessing Defensible Spacea. Measurement Problemsb. Early Studies i. Jane Jacobs barely did, same with architectural studies ii. Didn’t include resident’s attitudes behaviorsc. Later studiesi. Started looking at the attitudes and behaviors ii. Found we cannot rely only on physical factors iii. Found we need community involvement and the idea of territoriality was more important than all the other defensible factors d. Gerald Suttles (1968)i. Defended neighborhoods through reputation, not physical qualities ii. People who had a sense of pride from where they came from let people know to stay away from their areaIII. Routine Activities Theory (RAT)a. Cohen & Felson (1979)i. Criminal motivations and supply of potential offenders is constant 1. Humans are hedonistic 2. There will always be offenders ii. However, crime is not distributed evenly 1. Higher crime rates in certain areas, even though everyone has a chance at becoming an offender iii. RAT says, combo of a motivated offender, lack of a capable guardian, and a suitable target will produce crime iv. Updated RAT says motivated offender PLUS suitable target (exposure, guardianship, attractiveness, proximity) EQUALS probability of Crime/Victimization IV. Assessing RATa. Popular theory for testingb. Used for testing both victimization and crime causationc. Most studies only include one of the central elementsd. Informal Guardianship >Formal Guardianship (informal more likely to deter crime)V. Examples of RAT in Public Policy a. Afterschool programsb. Law enforcement practicesi. Hot Spots Patrolii. Diffusion of crime-control benefitsiii. Spatial displacement (not preventing crime, just moving crime) 1. Lowering crime rates in the areas where the cops are, but its just moving the crime to a different areaTheory Strengths WeaknessesEnvironmental Criminology(Brantinghams,Jacobs, Jeffery, Newman)• Includes plans to reduce crimeby promoting a watchful public and an involved CJ system• Needs further studies to support basic ideas about impact of urban planning on crime controlRoutine Activities• Explains increased crimerates from 1960s-1980s• Theoretical • Primarily addresses only predatory crime• Indicators measuring what we want them to?• Not much about offender motivationbase for “Hot Spots”• Opportunity concept implies prevention strategies• Allows for integration withother theories (including