Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Chapter 7H263Researchers speak of two types of addictions: Substance addictions (e.g., alcoholism, drug abuse, and smoking) Process addictions (e.g., gambling, shopping, eating, and sex).Affects on the BrainIncreases pleasure responses in the brain.Dopamine- 多多多 pleasure hormone released in the brainPleasure response biological, motivates continued practice of behavior.Tolerance 多多多Progressively 多多多多 larger doses or more intense 多多多 involvement 多多 are needed to obtain the desired effectWithdrawal 多多A drug or activity replaces an effect the body should provide on its own.Symptoms 多多 include psychological discomfort 多多多 and preoccupation 多多多多 with or craving 多多 for the behavior.Psychological FactorsPeople with low self-esteem, tendencies 多多 for risk-taking behavior or poor coping skills Biological InfluencesBrain processes controlling memory, motivation, and emotional state are processed differently among those addicted. Proposes that addiction is caused not by a single influence, but by multiple biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors operating in complex interactionEnvironmental InfluencesCultural expectations.Societal attitudes Social InfluencesObservational Learning Proposes that people learn behaviors by watching role models (parents, caregivers, and significant others).http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wBOiO5ptJk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WANNqr-vcx0 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Intervention 多多The planned process of confrontation by people who are important to the addict, including spouses, parents, children, bosses, and friendsIts purpose is to break down denial 多多多多多 compassionately 多多 so that the person can see the addiction’s destructive nature.Effective interventions include emphasizing care and concerndescribing the behavior that is the cause for concernexpressing how the behavior affects the addictoutlining what you would like to see happen.Recovery 多多 from addiction is a lifelong process, starting with treatment—and before that, recognition—of the addiction.*5*Treatment for AddictionBegins with abstinence 多多— refraining from the addictive behavior.Detoxification 戒戒 refers to the early period during which an addict adjusts physically and cognitively to being free from the addiction’s influence.Finding a Treatment ProgramFor many addicts, recovery begins with a period of formal treatment.Relapse 多多An isolated occurrence of or full return to addictive behavior is a defining characteristic of addiction.*4*Treatment ApproachesOutpatient behavioral treatment encompasses a variety of programs for addicts who visit a clinic at regular intervals.Most involve individual or group counseling.Residential treatment programs can be effective for those with more severe problems.The 12-step program has become the most widely used approach over the years.Nonjudgemental Based on the idea that one must continue to work on recovery through a series of stepsIncluding admitting problem, recognizing sources of help, relying on help, apologizing to those harmed, helping others, etc.This includes Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous