Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21H263: March 4, 2013•What is Health•Dimensions of Health•Health Determinants•Health Behavior Models•Changing BehaviorsOver time, different ideals and models of human health have dominated. Our current model has broadened from a focus on the individual body to an understanding of health as a reflection of ourselves and our communities.Pre-20th century medical modelEcological or public health modelFocus in 1940s on disease preventionWellness entered the vocabulary in the late 1960s, enlarging the definition of health by recognizing levels of health within each category.Physical health: characteristics such as body size and shapeSocial health: relationships with friends, family members, and partners(Mental) Intellectual health: ability to think clearly, analyze critically, and use brainpower to meet challenges•Emotional Health: being able to express and control emotions appropriately•Environmental health: understanding the health of your environment, protecting yourself from hazards, and working to protect environmental conditions for everyone•Spiritual health: having a sense of meaning and purpose in your lifeOur health choices are personal, but affect the lives of others in many ways. Leading causes of death in the last century have shifted to chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. .Public health experts refer to the factors that influence health as determinants of health.Biology and GeneticsIndividual Behavior (Ex. Night Life Habits)Social Factors (Ex. Social Discrimination)Physical Environment (Ex. Pollution)Pollutants and infectious agentsPolicymakingHealth Services and health disparities•Race and ethnicity•Inadequate health insurance•Sex and gender•Geographic location•Sexual orientation•DisabilityOver the years, social scientists and public health researchers have developed a variety of models to reflect the multifaceted process of behavior change. The Health Belief Model Social Cognitive Model Transtheoretical ModelThe Health Belief Model holds that, before change is likely to happen, several factors must support a belief: Factors 1. Perceived seriousness 2. Perceived susceptibility 3. Cues to action•The Social Cognitive Model proposes that three factors (social environment, thoughts or cognition, and our behavior) interact in a reciprocal fashion to promote and motivate change.The Trans theoretical Model of behavior change includes a series of stages that adequately prepare us for an eventual change. Stages:1. Precontemplation2. Contemplation3. Preparation4. Action5. MaintenanceStep One: Increase Your Awareness•Learn about how the risky behavior can affect your health, and the health determinants in your life. •Identify what aspects of biology, behavior, and social and physical environment support your health, and which are obstacles.Step Two: Contemplate Change•Examine health habits and patterns.•Identify a target behavior.•Learn about the target behavior.•Assess your motivation and readiness.•Develop self-efficacy.•Cultivate an internal locus of control.•Do your research.5Set achievable and incremental goals.Reward yourself.Avoid or anticipate barriers and temptations.Remind yourself why you’re trying to change.Enlist support of others.Don’t be discouraged.4Step Three: Prepare for Change•Set a realistic goal.•Anticipate barriers.•Enlist others as change agents: * Family members * Friends * Professionals3Step Four: Take Action to Change•Visualize new behavioral change.•Learn to “counter.”•Control the situation.•Reward