PSC 124 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-8,10- 12Lecture 1 (January 12)I. What is IR?- traditional definition: a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations, focusing primarily on foreign policy- updated definition: a study of the relation between nations and other important non-state actors; considers globalization and the complexities of conflict and cooperation- non state actors: actors other than state governments that operate either below the level of the state (that is, within states) or across state borders- nongovernmental organization (NGO): a transnational group or entity (i.e. the Catholic Church) that interacts with states, multinational corporations, other NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations - multinational corporation (MNC): a company based in one state with affiliated branches or subsidiaries operating in other states- intergovernmental organization: an organization (such as the UN and its agencies) whose members are state governmentsII. Globalization- “the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially byfree trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets- the tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world- the increasing integration of the world in term of communications, culture, and economics- may also refer to the changing subjective experiences of space and time accompanying this processIII. Debate on globalization- pro 1. creates greater opportunity for developing countries to accumulate wealth 2. integrated global economy contributes to peace3. global communication leads to innovation and spread of technologies that increase quality of life4. has a democratizing effect- con1. increases ability of wealthy countries to take advantage of poorer countries2. cultural imperialism: homogenized world culture “westernization” 3. gives too much power/influence to corporations4. end of sovereignty5. outsourcing of jobsLecture 2 (January 14)I. Two sub fields- International security studies1. war and peace, the military 2. foreign policy; diplomacy3. treaties and alliances4. power politics5. international organizations and international law6. terrorism7. peace studies8. a broadening definition of security- to include human security- how policies affect citizens (immigration, refugees, environmental outcomes)- international political economy1. international trade, money, business2. integration (EU, NAFTA)3. the environment, population issues (problems of “commons”)4. North-South gap5. Development: economic development of a country6. Information revolutionII. Collective goods problem and 3 solutions- collective goods problem: the tension between individual interests and collective interests (preservation of individual state interests and sovereignty versus the benefits of cooperation)- non excludability criterion: goods that are produced and cannot in any practical way be withheld from any member- non rivalrous consumption criterion: once the good is produced there is no additional cost of adding a member- free riders: members who share the benefits but not the costs- commons: a good held by all to which all have access and is not privately owned- in the international arena there is no central authority to enforce the common good- the is a strong impetus for states to protect sovereignty and interests; clashes with the need for cooperation- 3 solutions:1. dominance: stronger states exert power over weaker states; power hierarchy+ hegemon: most powerful state2. reciprocity: rewards and punishments in response to behavior of others3. identity: investment in outcomes for other members of your community, willingness to sacrificeIII. State and non state actors- state (country)1. territorial entity2. government3. population4. sovereignty within its own borders- nation1. group of people with shared sense of identity2. shared fate- nation-state: shared identity coincides with state; nationalism- de-colonization1. colonization: created “pre-states” with competing national identities2. authoritarian governments held off ethnic conflict OR historically peaceful relations turn to conflict via politics3. decolonization: eruption of conflict- measuring comparative economic strength1. GDP: total annual economic activity2. Per capital income3. HDI: human development index- Economic differences in global North vs South: income levels are 5x higher in north (20% on the world’s population, 60% of goods and services)- Non state actors: 1. IOs: international organizations2. IGOs: intergovernmental organizations3. NGOs: non governmental organizations4. MNCs: multinational corporations5. Terrorists6. Substate actors i.e. activistsIV. Levels of analysis- methods for understanding events and phenomena in IR- individual level: 1. individuals’ perceptions, choices, and actions2. personality of leaders3. psychological factors in decision making- domestic level1. state level influences on IR2. aggregations of individuals within states3. interest groups4. different kinds of societies by culture, political system- interstate level1. influence of the international system on outcomes2. interactions between states3. states’ relative power4. trade5. alliances, war6. international organizations- global level1. evolution of technology2. changing worldwide beliefs3. human perception of the environment4. worldwide integration of business5. worldwide grassroots movements6. lingering effect of imperialism and colonization Lecture 3 (January 21)I. Global geography- North-South gap: relatively rich industrialized countries of the north and the relatively poor countries of the south - The north contains only 20% of the world’s people but 55% of its goods and services- “the most important geographical element at the global level of analysis”II. Assessing the wealth of states- Gross domestic product is often used to measure an economy’s strength - Definition of GDP: the total value of goods and services produced within a territory during a specified period (or, if not specified, annually)- Most common calculation: GDP consumption+ gross investment+ government spending+ (exports- imports)- Per capita income also used to compare the wealth of countries- GDP by country may mask the situation inside the country: country 1 may have a high GDP where wealth is fairly equally distributed across the population while country 2 may have a high GDP accounted