PSC 124 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Theories about the causes of war- Four levels of analysisII. Conflicts of ideas: ethnic conflictOutline of Current Lecture I. Ethnic conflict and intractability (conflict of ideas)II. Religion (conflict of ideas)III. Ideology (conflict of ideas)IV. Territorial disputes (conflict of interests)V. Control of governments (conflict of interests)VI. Economic conflict (conflict of interests)Current LectureI. Religious conflict1. religion is one type of identity 2. can evolve as an intractable conflict3. often co-varies with other identities4. fundamentalism: strict adherence to a doctrine, usually religious, although has been applied to Supreme Court and Constitution5. literal “interpretation” of central texts. Liberal interpretation (taking the message of the text, not the literal translation) may be seen as wrong6. critical of “modernism” (reliance on humans to create, improve, reshape environment)7. factors that contribute to the resurgence of fundamentalism: time of significant societal change, perceived threat, historical prejudice and injustice, urbanization, abiding socio-economic injustice, II. Islamism - groups that have political goals - desire to have government and society based on Islamic lawThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- goal to end Western-style secular states and replace with government based on Islamic law and culture- secular: religion should not have any bearing on governing- currently, Islamist actors are active participants in 10 of the world’s 14 wars in progressIII. Ideological conflict- a set of ideas that form a comprehensive vision or worldview; a system of abstract thought that is applied to the public sphere/politics- ideology is like religion in a way: symbolizes and intensifies conflicts rather than causing them IV. Conflict over territory- because of their association with the integrity of states, territories are valued far beyond any inherent economic or strategic value they hold- tend to be one of the most intractable types of conflicts (most resistant to being resolved)- irredentism: goal of regaining territory lost- secession: nationalist group in a region attempts to form own state- secessionist wars can spill over into other countries in region. Conflicts of secession are seen as domestic problems unless they spill over into another country or severe human rights violationsV. Control of Governments - today most struggles to control territory focus on control of governments- methods: assassinating leader (either sitting head of state or opposition leader, providing funds/weapons/training, military invasion for regime change- assassination can be used as a political strategyVI. Economic conflict- most pervasive form of conflict- seldom leads to war- economic exchange is based on mutual gain, therefore, violence would interrupt the process. Military leverage not effective.- Economic conflict still related to international security because states may behave in a mercantilist fashion- Mercantilist: using trade to affect a broader goal i.e. finance a war- Theory of lateral pressure: as a state gets more powerful, it will expand to gain more resources to keep its economy going- Military industry, strategic materials, disparities in distribution of wealth, drug trafficking, illegal global arms