PSC 124 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is IR?II. Globalization III. Debate on globalization Outline of Current LectureI. IR and two sub-fieldsII. The collective goods problem and 3 “solutions”III. The state and non state actorsIV. Levels of analysisCurrent LectureI. Two sub fields- International security studies1. war and peace, the military 2. foreign policy; diplomacy3. treaties and alliances4. power politics5. international organizations and international law6. terrorism7. peace studies8. a broadening definition of security- to include human security- how policies affect citizens (immigration, refugees, environmental outcomes)- international political economy1. international trade, money, business2. integration (EU, NAFTA)3. the environment, population issues (problems of “commons”)4. North-South gap5. Development: economic development of a country6. Information revolutionII. Collective goods problem and 3 solutionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- collective goods problem: the tension between individual interests and collective interests (preservation of individual state interests and sovereignty versus the benefits of cooperation)- non excludability criterion: goods that are produced and cannot in any practical way be withheld from any member- non rivalrous consumption criterion: once the good is produced there is no additional cost of adding a member- free riders: members who share the benefits but not the costs- commons: a good held by all to which all have access and is not privately owned- in the international arena there is no central authority to enforce the common good- the is a strong impetus for states to protect sovereignty and interests; clashes with the need for cooperation- 3 solutions:1. dominance: stronger states exert power over weaker states; power hierarchy+ hegemon: most powerful state2. reciprocity: rewards and punishments in response to behavior of others3. identity: investment in outcomes for other members of your community, willingness to sacrificeIII. State and non state actors- state (country)1. territorial entity2. government3. population4. sovereignty within its own borders- nation1. group of people with shared sense of identity2. shared fate- nation-state: shared identity coincides with state; nationalism- de-colonization1. colonization: created “pre-states” with competing national identities2. authoritarian governments held off ethnic conflict OR historically peaceful relations turn to conflict via politics3. decolonization: eruption of conflict- measuring comparative economic strength1. GDP: total annual economic activity2. Per capital income3. HDI: human development index- Economic differences in global North vs South: income levels are 5x higher in north (20% on the world’s population, 60% of goods and services)- Non state actors: 1. IOs: international organizations2. IGOs: intergovernmental organizations3. NGOs: non governmental organizations4. MNCs: multinational corporations5. Terrorists6. Substate actors i.e. activistsIV. Levels of analysis- methods for understanding events and phenomena in IR- individual level: 1. individuals’ perceptions, choices, and actions2. personality of leaders3. psychological factors in decision making- domestic level1. state level influences on IR2. aggregations of individuals within states3. interest groups4. different kinds of societies by culture, political system- interstate level1. influence of the international system on outcomes2. interactions between states3. states’ relative power4. trade5. alliances, war6. international organizations- global level1. evolution of technology2. changing worldwide beliefs3. human perception of the environment4. worldwide integration of business5. worldwide grassroots movements6. lingering effect of imperialism and