PSYC 304 Unit 2 Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Dementia (overview)II. Global Symptoms of DementiaIII. Diagnosis/Assessment – Need to Rule OutIV. Alzheimer’s DementiaV. Brain ChangesVI. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s DementiaOutline of Current LectureI. Psychological Effects of Alzheimer’s DementiaII. Causes of Alzheimer’s DementiaIII. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s DementiaIV. Apo lipoprotein E (APOE)V. Other Disorders with Alzheimer’s Dementia SymptomsVI. Multi-Infarct DementiaCurrent LectureI. Psychological Effects of Alzheimer’s Dementiaa. Earlyi. Memory loss for familiar objects and eventsb. Middlei. Personality changes/Behavior changesc. Latei. Loss of ability to perform simple everyday functionsII. Causes of Alzheimer’s Dementiaa. Possible Cause 1i. Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis1. Proposed Process – Amyloid plaques cause death of neuronsb. Possible Cause 2These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Caspase Theory1. Proposed Process – Beta amyloid stimulates caspase productionc. Possible Cause 3i. ApoE Abnormalities1. Proposed Process – ApoE binds to beta amyloid and may lead to plaquesd. Possible Cause 4i. APP Gene1. Proposed Process – APP is snipped at the wrong placee. Possible Cause 5i. Hippocampus Electrical Activity1. Proposed Process – Excess activity leads to beta amyloid formationf. Possible Cause 6i. Environmental1. Proposed Process – Education and activity can reduce riskg. Possible Cause 7i. Diet1. Proposed Process – Med diet can slow down III. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Dementiaa. Advantages of Early Diagnosisi. Rule out other conditions that may cause dementiaii. Families have more time to plan for the futureiii. Treatments can start earlier and may be more effectiveIV. Apo lipoprotein E (APOE)a. On chromosome 19b. Predisposing genetic risk factor for late onset ADc. APOE helps carry cholesterol in the bloodstreamd. APOE comes in several different forms or allelesi. Three Forms: APOE ε2, APOE ε3, APOE ε4 – occur most frequentlyV. Other Disorders with Alzheimer’s Dementia Symptomsa. AIDS Dementiab. Creutzfeldt – Jakob Diseasec. Parkinson’s Disease Dementiad. Depressive Pseudo dementiae. Multi-Infarct DementiaVI. Multi-Infarct Dementiaa. Disruption of blood flow by blockage or bursting of artery wallb. Thrombosis: Blood clotc. Embolism: Migration of blood clotd. 20-25% of dementiase. No plaques or tanglesf. Mini-strokes in cerebral arteries: Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA’s) over a series of days/weeks.g. At Risk:i. Menii. Hypertensivesh. Symptoms:i. Bouts of confusionii. Slurring of speechiii. Difficulty in expression (writing/naming)iv. Weakness on side of bodyv. Blurring of vision in one eyevi. Tingling/numbness of extremetiesvii. Headachesviii.