PSYC 304 1st EditionLecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Physical ChangesII. Vital Organ System ChangesIII. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System & Lifestyle FactorsOutline of Current Lecture I. Endocrine System (changes)II. Males vs. Females (changes)III. Phases of Menopause & Models of SymptomsIV. Hormone TherapyV. Psychological Effects of MenopauseCurrent LectureI. Endocrine System (changes)a. Growth hormone: Somatopauseb. Thyroid: Decrease hormonesc. Melatonin: Decreasesd. DHEA: Decreasese. Cortisol: Increasesf. Note: Exercise essential to help transition through these “changes”g. Female Endocrine System Changes:i. Secretion of Estrogen, Progesterone & Prolactin hormones are reducedii. Menopause, cessation of periods for more than a yeariii. Loss of reproductive capacity occursiv. Average age menopause occurs: 50-51 yearsv. Does not impair a woman’s capacity to have or enjoy sexual relationshipsII. Males vs. Females (changes)a. Males:i. Andropause – decline in testosteroneii. Erectile Dysfunction affects increasing percentage of men in older age groupsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Medications can help alleviate symptomsb. Females:i. Menopause &Perimenopause1. Symptoms can include hot flashes, mood swings and memory loss, but these varyii. Loss of estrogen leads to widespread changes in bodyiii. Menopause is NOT a diseaseIII. Phases of Menopause & Models of Symptomsa. Premenopausal Phaseb. Perimenopausal Phasei. Extreme variations in menstrual cycleii. Hot flashesiii. Disruptive sleepiv. Psychological distress related to stressc. Postmenopausal Phasei. Menstruation has stopped for one full yearii. Estrogen and Progesterone very lowIV. Hormone Therapya. Results from Women’s Health Initiativei. Pros: 1. Protection against Osteoporosis2. Reduction of hot flashesii. Cons:1. Long term use related to increased risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer2. Little protection against cardiovascular diseaseb. Because of how the cognitive system ages in women, they are sometimes unable to recall information or have a decline in cognitive functioning. Hormone Therapy is said to decrease the chances of that happening and prevent the cognitive system from aging in such a way, BUT only if it is initiated early.i. “Critical Period”1. Under 60 yearsa. Added bonus of cardiovascular benefits (if there is no genetic risk)2. Over 65 yearsa. Protective effects diminish greatly after this agec. Neuroimaging Studies: Enhanced blood flow during verbal recognition memoryi. Inferior Frontal Cortexii. Hippocampus (memory)iii. Entorhinal Cortexiv. Middle Temporal Gyrusv. Posterior ParahippocampalGyrusd. Modelsi. Biomedical1. Hormonal Changeii. Premorbid Personalityiii. Coincidental Stress1. Middle Age = Stressiv. Cultural Relativist1. Negative Attitudes/Societyv. Bowles Integrated Model1. Biological, Social, PsychologicalV. Psychological Effects of Menopausea. Negativity & overall life stresses affect moodsb. Severe symptoms of sleep deprivation may relate to additional anxietyc. Individual differences in