BIOL 1108 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 13 Lecture 1 January 7 Introduction to Vertebrates I II III Introduction to the Natural History of Vertebrates a Vertebrate Natural History behavior and function of organisms in their natural environment Kingdoms a Monera bacteria and cyanobateria i No nuclear membrane ii Unicellular b Protista protists i Mostly unicellular ii Have nuclear membrane c Plantae plants i Multicellular ii Cell walls iii Chlorophyll d Fungi fungus i Mostly multicellular ii Cell walls iii Lack chlorophyll e Animalia animals i Multicellular ii Without cell walls 1 Phylum Chordata chordates a Dorsal hollow nerve tube b Notochord support beneath spinal cord Mostly in embryonic stage c Pharyngeal slits in the throat wall to breath or filter feed d Postural tail 3 Subphyla a Urochordata i Tunicates or sea squirts b Cephalochordata i Lancelets or amphioxus c Vertebrata i Chordates with a backbone 1 Vertebral column vertebrae distinct 2 Persistent notochord no distinct vertebrae IV Cranium a braincase of bone or cartilage i Living vertebrates 57 000 in the world ii Fish 28 000 iii Amphibians 5 500 iv Reptiles 7 300 v Birds 10 000 vi Mammals 5 400 Lesson 2 January 9 Binomial Nomenclature I II III IV Classification a Based on evolutionary relationships i Taxonomy ii Systematics b Taxonomy the practice of describing biodiversity including naming species i Common vernacular names ii Problems 1 Can vary from place to place or person to person 2 Can vary with language 3 Some aren t species specific a Similar species may have the same common name b Different species can have the same common name 4 Small rare organisms may have no common name Binomial Nomenclature a Created by Linneaus b Binomen noun adjective c Latin or ancient Greek d 1st noun genus e 2nd adjective specific epithet f Genus specific epithet scientific name Scientific Names a Latin or Greek is used because they are dead languages b Must be treated as a foreign word when written or printed i In writing underline ii Print italics c Genus must be capitalized d Cannot use a specific epithet without using the genus Nomenclature rules a A genus can be used for only one group of species V b Within a specific genus no specific epithet can be used more than once c All scientific names must observe the Law of Priority the first valid scientific name given to an organism is the recognized name i Synonym a scientific name associated with a species but does not go by its recognized name Describing a new species a Collect at least one voucher specimen i Must be deposited in a nationally recognized museum ii Voucher specimens are representative specimens of a species Lesson 3 January 12 Scientific Names I II III Describing and Naming a new species a Collect voucher specimens i Typed specimens voucher specimens designed as the representative specimens for a new species ii Holotypes single specimens iii Syntypes a series of specimens iv Lectotype representative type out of collection v Paratypes additional specimens not used as syntypes vi Neotypes substitute specimen vii Topotypes specimens collected later b Make sure it is new to science c Write a detailed description i External measurements and morphology ii Details about the location iii Details about behavior habitat distribution ect d Name the species i Etymology the meaning of the name e Publish the description and name Name change a Splitting what was once considered a single species is found to be more than one species b Lumping two or more species are combined into a single species c Misclassifications assigned to a different genus d Law of priority Systematics a Classifying biological diversity in a manner consistent with phylogenetic relationships i Linnaean classification based on similarity and difference ii Phylogenetic classification 1 Class things based on phylogenetic relationships 2 Cladistics used shared derived characters a Clades group that has the same derived characters Lesson 4 Term paper don t need to know for exam Lesson 5 January 16 What is a species I II III IV V Phylogenetic Classification a Based on common ancestry share derived traits i Secondarily derived traits b Cladogram of vertebrates Species a Basic unit of classification b Biological species concept Mayr 1942 species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups i Can reproduce viable and fertile offspring ii Asexual species and hybrids do not fit into this definition Isolating mechanisms any structural physiological behavioral or geological barrier that prevents individuals of one population or species from successfully interbreeding with individuals of other populations or species 1 Ecogeographic isolation allopatric ranges 2 Habitat isolation sympatric ranges 3 Seasonal isolation different breeding seasons 4 Behavioral isolation different species specific displays to attract a mate 5 Mechanical isolation morphological and anatomical differences to make sexual union impossible 6 Gametic isolation fertilization does not occur 7 Developmental isolation embryo develops irregularly and dies 8 Hybrid Inviability young produced from two different species often are weak or die young 9 Hybrid Sterility interspecific crosses produce healthy offspring but they are not able to reproduce 10 Decreased fitness hybrids reproduce sterile offspring Phylogenetic species concept a A group of organisms that share a common ancestor i Problem at what level do we define the common ancestor Genetic species concept VI VII a A group of interbreeding natural populations that are genetically isolated from other groups i Problem how genetically isolated is an individual or species Taxonomy above the Species Level a Genus a taxonomic category containing a monophyletic group of species separated from other genera by a decided gap b Species Genus c Genera Family idae d Families Order e Orders Class f Class Phylum g Phyla Kingdom Trinomial Nomenclature a Includes a subspecific epithet b Subspecies a population of species that differs in some noticeable and constant way from other populations of that species i Based on morphology ii Local adaptation evolutionary change based on habitat diverge enough to new species Lesson 6 January 21 Evolution and Speciation I Rules of geographic variation a Bergman s Rule geographic races of endotherms tend to possess smaller body sizes in warmer portions of their range and larger body sizes in cooler climates