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UGA WILD 3580 - Power-Promoting Adaptations
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WILD 3580 1st Edition Lecture 28Outline of Last Lecture I. Bird EvolutionII. Characteristics III. Weight reducing adaptationsOutline of Current Lecture I. Power-Promoting AdaptationsCurrent LectureI. Power-Promoting Adaptations 1. Endothermy- allow high metabolic rates to sustain a power flight - Q10 Effect - Birds have the highest body temperature of all vertebrates (>104 degrees F, 40 degrees C)- Feathers: evolved into fur, a form of insulation 2. Specialized Flight Muscles - Pectoralis: down stroke- Supracoracoideus: up stroke - Together these muscles make up to 35% of body weight - Keeled sternum: provided extra surface area for muscle attachment - Flightless birds do not have a keeled sternums- Carinate sternum- flying birds- Ratite sternum- lightless birds 3. Circulatory System- “white meat”= breast, less myoglobin - “dark meat”= leg, more myoglobin - Color depends on amount of myoglobin: oxygen binding protein in muscles- 4 chambered heart = double circulated - Birds have the largest heart to body mass ratio - Hear rate decreases as body size increases (negative relationship)- Steeper range These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Respiratory System - 20% of body volume (2% lungs, 18% air sacs) - Air Sacs- compliment the respiratory system  Usually 9 (varies from 6-12) No gas exchange in the air sacs, just lungs 2 functions:1. Increase oxygen utilization by allowing a one-way movement of air (takes 2 respiratory cycles, one way movement of air); more efficient 2. Cooling system- moisture surfaces provide evaporative cooling as air is moving in and out of body; prevents overheating 5. Aerodynamics and Balance - Center of balance is just under the wings - Organ placement on both sides for balance 6. Feathers - Development Follicle- indentation in the skin that the feather grows fromo Papilla: cells being produced  Rachis- (shaft) middle part of the feather Vane- portion that has feathers on ito Attached by barbs, which contain microstructures  Calamus- below the vane down to the base of the feather (hollow) Superior umbilicus- hole on top of calamus Inferior umbilicus- hole at the end tip of the feathero Umbilicuses were sources of nutrients during development - Barbs Central part of the barb is a ramus Barbuleso Proximal barbule- microstructures on the barb that point towards the bodyo Distal barbule- point away from body Barbicells- attached to barbules  Hamuli (hooklets)- on distal barbules


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UGA WILD 3580 - Power-Promoting Adaptations

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