KIN 3306 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I Metabolic Energy Systems II ATP Energy III Anaerobic vs Aerobic IV ATP PC System V Control of ATP PC System VI Exercise and the ATP PC System VII Macronutrients VIII Anaerobic Glycolysis IX Net Equation for Glycolysis X Energy Investment Phase XI Energy Generation Phase XII Glycogen vs Glucose XIII Exercise and Anaerobic Glycolysis XIV Anaerobic Glycolysis vs Oxidative Phosphorylation XV Mitochondria Structure XVI TCA Cycle Facts XVII Pyruvate Conversion XVIII Control of TCA Cycle These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute XIX Carbohydrates XX Electron Transport Chain Basics XXI Chemiosmotic Theory XXII Electron Transport Chain XXIII Proton Gradient XXIV Oxygen Utilization Site XXV Tally of ATP Production XXVI Exercise and OP XXVII Maximal Duration of Energy System XXVIII Lipid Metabolism XXIX Triglyceride Lipolysis XXX Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids XXXI ATP Tally for Stearic Acid 18 C Outline of Current Lecture I Overview II Energy Pathways III Protein Metabolism IV Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption V Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continued VI Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continued VII Energy Expenditure VIII Fitness Level VO2max IX Bruce Protocol X VO2max Data XI Substrate Utilization XII Respiratory Exchange Ratio XIII Respiratory Exchange Ratio XIV The Crossover Effect XV Oxygen Consumption Limitation XVI Exercise Transition XVII Reset Transition XVIII Possible Explanations for EPOC XIX Why is Lactate produced during Anaerobic Exercise XX Lactic Acid XXI Bicarbonate System XXII Lactate Threshold XXIII Lactate Threshold continued XXIV Does Lactic Acid Cause Fatigue XXV Cytosolic Redox Potential XXVI Causes of Fatigue XXVII Glycogen Depletion XXVIII Glycogen Depletion and Exercise Intensity XXIX CHO and Glycogen Storage XXX CHO Loading Current Lecture I Overview a Aerobic Exercise and Oxygen Consumption b Substrate Utilization i Respiratory exchange ratio c Anaerobic Exercise and the Lactate Threshold i Bicarbonate Buffer System ii Definition Possible Causes d Causes of Fatigue e Glycogen Depletion i Exercise Intensity ii CHO intake II Energy Pathways a Proteins Carbohydrates and Fats b Most of your energy will come from carbs and fats c For protein some amino acids will convert to glucose and go through the cycles there It just depends on the amino acid III Protein Metabolism a Secondary source of fuel b Deamination Transamination i Nitrogen removal or transfer ii BCAA s iii Protein will separate into an amine group and this has nitrogen in it which has to be removed first TQ iv Transamination is when that amine group gets shifted to another amino acid so the amine group that just lost it can go through and get metabolized in the cycles v BCAA s are the primary source of energy in proteins c Glucogenic vs Ketogenic i Gluconeogenesis 1 Protein is converted to glucose ii Entry into energy pathways 1 Ketogenic is when proteins can just plug into different places around the krebs cycle d Protein parts can jump into different places depending on the amino acid it is IV Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption a CO2 is a direct byproduct of the chemical reactions that go on b O2 is going to the chemical reactions and CO2 is being produced by them V Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continued a Indirect Calorimetry i Energy expenditure based on gas exchange ii Able to measure how much ATP you are producing how many calories you are using b Must be aerobic i Anaerobic metabolism CO2 ii It is more accurate in an aerobic condition c Inspired and expired air i It measures O2 coming in and out and the CO2 going in and out d We re looking at the difference of what we take in versus what we let out VI Aerobic Exercise and O2 Consumption continued a Energy Expenditure kcals b Fitness Level VO2max c Contribution of CHO i How much energy is coming from CHO d Contribution of FAT i How much energy is coming from FAT VII Energy Expenditure a You can measure at rest BMR basic metabolic rate or RMR resting metabolic rate which is how many calories your body needs to function b BMR will be measured first thing in the morning when you re awake and not moving i More accurate than RMR c RMR will be measured sometime in the middle of the day VIII Fitness Level VO2max a Maximal Oxygen Uptake b Measure of Aerobic Fitness c d e f g Graded Exercise Test Maximal Effort VO2max Inspired O2 Expired O2 VO2max is popular when wanting to measure gas exchange VO2max is the maximum oxygen uptake the peak amount of O2 you can consume during maximal exercise consuming meaning what is staying inside and going into cells h The higher your O2 consumption is the more fit you are because you re able to use O2 more efficiently IX Bruce Protocol a This machine collects gas exchange information b The VO2max is where you re consuming as much O2 as possible X VO2max Data a When data is collected from trained athletes its like the data just goes flat reaches the ceiling XI Substrate Utilization a Primary fuel source is CHO and Fat b Protein can serve as a secondary fuel source c Fat requires more O2 than CHO i Because fats have more cabons d Respiratory Exchange Ration RER i Contribution of FAT and CHO ii We measure this to tell us a proportion of how much energy is coming from fat and how much is coming from carbs XII Respiratory Exchange Ratio a Non invasive provides relative Metabolic Contribution of CHO and Fat b RER VCO2 CO2 i VCO2 is the amount of CO2 being produced ii VO2 is the amount of O2 produced c Also called Respiratory Quotient RQ during Steady State Exercise i The same thing but during steady state d RER is easy to do XIII Respiratory Exchange Ratio a 0 7 100 Fat b 1 0 100 CHO c 0 82 average at rest d 1 1 High intensity anaerobic i When it gets harder we get into the anaerobic part of it which is why the ration is 1 1 what explains this is the buffer system that comes into play e There s a mental component in the RER because of the mask being used to record the information XIV The Crossover Effect a The balance between using cho and fats is the crossover effect b Time is not a factor it s the intensity of exercise x axis c When you re walking you have a lot of O2 available so this is why fat metabolism is active d At higher intensities you don t have that much O2 available XV XVI Oxygen Consumption Limitation a Oxygen Deficit i