Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Anatomical Directional Terminology continued… II. Planes III. Axes of Rotation IV. Movement Terminology V. A n k l e a n d F o o t VI. Radioulnar Joint VII. Shoulder Girdle VIII. Shoulder Joint IX. Spine X. Wrist and Hand XI. Body Regions XII. Osteology XIII. Skeletal Functions XIV. Types of Bones XV. Bone Properties Outline of Current Lecture I. Bone Markings & Anatomical Landmarks II. Joints (Articulations) III. Classification IV. Other Joint Structures V. Types of Diarthrodial Joints HPER 205 1st Edition These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best !used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !VI. Range of Motion VII. Skeletal Muscles VIII. Muscle Nomenclature IX. Shape of Muscles and Fiber Arrangement X. Muscular Connective Tissue XI. Muscle Terminology Current Lecture Intro to Structural Kinesiology continued… U. Bone Markings & Anatomical Landmarks1. Processes (elevations & projections)a. Process: any prominent projection from a boneb. Tubercle: small rounded projectionc. Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projectiond. Spine Process: sharp, slender projectione. Condyles: large, bone knobs at either end of a long bonef. Epicondyles: smaller bone knows that sometimes appear above condylesg. Articular Surface: part of condyle that articulates with another bone2. Cavitiesa. Facet: flattened or shallow articulating surfaceb. Fossa: hollow, depression, or flattened surfacec. Notch: depressiond. Foramen: rounded hole or opening in boneV. Joints (Articulations)1. Def: place where two or more bones join together2. Tied together by ligaments3. Stability determined by:a. musclesb. ligamentsc. formations of articulating bonesW. Classification1. Structurala. Fibrous: connected by collagen- generally immovable*articular = joint, joinsb. Cartilaginous: connected by cartilage- slight movementc. Synovial: space between bones- freely movable2. Functionala. Synarthrodial: immovable joints- ex: skull, teethb. Amphiarthrodial: slightly movable jointsc. Diarthrodial/Synovial: freely movable joints- composed of sleeve-like joint capsule- secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity- Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity+ abosrbs shock+ protects the bones+ limited blood supplyX. Other Joint Structures1. Fibrocartilage disca. enhances joint stability and provides shock absorptionb. meniscic. labrum 2. Intrinsic- extrinsic ligaments3. Bursaa. fluid-filled sacb. provides cushion and reduces frictionY. Types of Diarthrodial Joints1. Hingea. flexion/extension2. Ball and Socketa. flexion/ extensionb. abduction/adductionc. internal/external rotationd. circumduction3. Irregular/Glidinga. non specific movement4. Condyloida. flexion/extensionb. abduction/adductionc. circumduction5. Saddle (thumb)a. all6. Pivota. internal/external rotation Z. Range of Motion1. Def: area through which a joint can freely and painlessly move2. Limitationsa. joint cavityb. ligaments and joint capsulec. bonesd. muscles and tendonse. bulk of adipose tissuef. joint frictionMuscular and Neuromuscular FundamentalsA. Skeletal Muscles1. Responsible for movementa. joints2. Muscle contraction typically = joint movement3. Muscles also provide:a. protectionb. posture and supportc. produces large % of body heat4. Over 600 musclesa. 40-50% of body weight5. 215 pairs of skeletal musclesa. work together to perform opposite actions at the joints- contralateral musclesB. Muscle Nomenclature1. Muscles are usually named due to:a. Visual appearance- shape -deltoid, rhomboid- size - gluteus maximus, teres minor- number of divisions - tricepsb. Anatomical location- location - rectus femoris, palmaris longus- points of attachment - coracobrachialisc. Function- Action - erector spinae, supinator, extensor digiti minimi- Action and shape - pronator quadratesC. Shape of Muscles and Fiber Arrangement1. They affect:a. muscle’s ability to exert forceb. range of motionc. speed of contraction- length+ longer = more velocity2. Two major types of fiber arrangementsa. Parallel- fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle- produce a greater range of motion- categories+ Flat - (ex. rectus abdominis)+ Fusiform - (ex. biceps brachii)+ Strap - (ex. sartorius)+ Radiate - (ex. pectoralis major)+ Sphincter or circularb. Pennate- Pennate muscles+ have shorter fibers+ arranged obliquely like a feather+ arrangement increases the cross sectional area, thereby increasing the force- Categorized based upon the exact arrangement between fibers and tendon+ unipennate (ex. biceps femoris)+ bipennate (ex. rectus femoris)+ multipennate (ex. deltoid, gluteus maximus)D. Muscular Connective Tissue1. Epimysium - surrounds entire muscle2. Perimysium - surrounds fassicles or muscle fibers3. Endomysium - surrounds individual muscle fibersE. Muscle Terminology1. Tendon - fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and other structuresa. Two muscles may share a common tendon- ex. achilles tendon of gastrocnemius and soles muscles- ex. all four quadriceps muscles form the patellar tendonb. A muscle may have multiple tendons connecting it to one or more bones- ex. three proximal attachments of triceps