Final Exam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 23 Lecture 1 (January 14) What is the definition of kinesiology? -Def: the study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement Define all the anatomical position terminology. -Anterior: front -Posterior: back -Distal: Away from midline -Proximal: nearest to the midline or point of origin -Inferior: below -Superior: above -Lateral: to the side; farther from the midline -Medial: to the middle; nearer to the midline -Caudal: below; inferior -Cephalic: above; superior -Deep: beneath or below the surface -Superficial: near the surface -Prone: lying on the stomach -Supine: lying on the back -Dorsal: relating to the back -Ventral: relating to the belly -Contralateral: pertaining to the opposite side -Ipsilateral: on the same side -Bilateral: relating to the right and left sides of the body HPER 205 1st EditionLecture 2 (January 21) What are the 3 planes of the body? -Sagittal: runs anterior to posterior and divides body into symmetrical halves -ex: sit up, bicep curl -Frontal: runs laterally and divides the body into front and back halves -ex: jumping jacks -Transverse: runs transverse through midsection and divides body into top and bottom halves -ex: spinal rotation What are the 3 axes of the body? -Frontal: laterally at a right angle to sagittal plane -ex: knee joint, elbow joint -Sagittal: runs from anterior to posterior at a right angle to frontal motion -ex: shoulder joint, hip joint - Longitudinal (Vertical): right angle to transverse plane of motion -ex: spine What are the general movements of the body? -Abduction: lateral movement away from midline -frontal plane -ex: raising arms or legs back to anatomical position - Adduction: movement medially toward midline -frontal plane -ex: lowering arms or legs back to anatomical position - Flexion: bending movement that goes down joint angle by bringing bones together -sagittal plane-ex: elbow joint when hand is drawn to shoulder - Extension: straightening movement that goes up joint angle by moving bones apart -sagittal plane -ex: elbow joint when hand moves away from shoulder - Circumduction: circular movement -multi-plane -ex: windmill pitch in softball - Internal rotation: rotary movement of bone toward midline -transverse plane - External rotation: rotary movement of a bone away from midline -transverse plane What are some movements of the ankle and foot? -Inversion: turning sole of foot inward or medially -Eversion: turning sole of foot outward or laterally -Dorsiflexion: top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone -Plantar flexion: standing on toes -Pronation: a combo of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction -Supination: a combo of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction What are some movements for your spine? -Lateral flexion (side bending): movement of head away from midline -abduction of spine - Reduction: return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion -adduction of spineList the different types of bones. -Long bone: composed of a long shaft with wide, protruding ends -ex: phalanges, tibia, fibia, femur, radius, ulna, humerus -Short bone: small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have proportionally large articular surface in order to work with 1+ bones -ex: carpals and tarsals - Flat bones: usually have curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to skin -ex: ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula - Irregular bones: includes bones throughout entire spine, ischium, and pubis -Sesamoid bones: patella Lecture 3 (January 26) List the bone markings and anatomical landmarks. -Processes -process: any prominent projection from a bone -tubercle: small rounded projection -tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection -spine process: sharp, slender projection -condyles: large, bone knocks at either end of a long bone - Cavities -facet: flattened or shallow articulating surface -fossa: hollow, depression, or flattened surface -notch: depression -foramen: rounded hole or opening in bone What are three main classifications of bones? Define them. -Structural-fibrous: connected by collegen -immovable - cartilaginous: connected by cartilage - slight movement - synovial: space between bones - freely moveable - Functional -synarthrodial: immovable such as skull and teeth -amphiarthrodial: slightly movable -diarthrodial: freely moveable What are the types of diarthrodial joints? -Hinge: flexion/extension -Ball and socket: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation, circumduction -Gliding: non-specific movement -Condyloid: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction -Saddle (thumb): all -Pivot: internal/external rotation What are the two major types of fiber arrangements? -Parallel: fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle and produce a greater ROM -Pennate: have shorter fibers and are arranged obliquely like a feather -arrangement increases the cross sectional area Lecture 4 (January 28) List and define the different muscle terms.-Te n d o n : f i b r o u s c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e t h a t c o n n e c t s m u s c l e s t o b o n e s -Origin: the proximal attachment and least moveable part -Insertion: the distal attachment and most moveable part -Intrinsic: both origin and insertion are within part -Extrinsic: muscles that originate outside of the body part -Action: specific movement resulting from concentric contraction of muscle that crosses joint What are the two types of muscle fiber? -Slow twitch: less tension and high resistance to fatigue -Fast twitch: faster contraction time and fatigue quickly What roles do our muscles play for our body? -Agonist muscles (prime movers): cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion -Antagonist muscles (contralateral muscles): located on opposite side of joint and produce opposite action -work with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement -Stabilizers: surround joint and are essential in establishing a firm base of support -contract to stabilize area to enable another limb to exert force or move -Synergist (gliding muscles): assist in action of agonist muscles -Neutralizers: contract to resist specific actions of other muscles and prevents hypertension of back Lecture 5 (February 2) What parts are included in the central nervous system? -Cerebral cortex: voluntary muscle movement as aggregate muscle actions -Basal ganglia: posture and equilibrium, learned movements -Cerebellum:
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