Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Knee Joint II. Bones III. Knee Joint-Stability IV. Joints V. Osteoarthritis VI. Ligaments VII. Menisci VIII. Joint Support IX. Joint Movements X. Screw Home Mechanism XI. Q Angle XII. Loads on the Knee XIII. Patellofemoral Joint Loads XIV. Muscles XV. Popliteus XVI. Gastrocnemius Outline of Current Lecture I. The Foot II. Bones III. Landmarks IV. Joints of the Foot V. Ligaments of the Ankle VI. Injuries HPER 205 1st Edition These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best !used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !VII. Biomechanics of the Foot VIII. Foot Arches IX. Plantar Fascia X. Movements Current Lecture A. The Foot 1. 26 bones 2. 19 large muscles 3. Several small muscles 4. More than 100 ligaments 5. Designed for support and propulsion a. Stable base of support - A lot of weight bearing down - Tibia bears ~ 96% of force - Big surface area B. Bones 1. Rearfoot a. Talus b. Calcaneus 2. Midfoot a. Navicular b. Cuboid (on the lateral side) c. Cuneiforms (3) 3. Forefoot a. Metatarsalsb. Phalanges (14) C. Landmarks 1. Distal malleoli of tibia and fibula a. Serves as pulley for inversion & eversion D. Joints of the Foot 1. Subtalar, transverse tarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalngeal, PIP, DIP, IP 2. Distal Tibiofibular Joint a. Ligaments & interosseus membrane between tibia and fibula b. Minimal movement c. Often sprained 3. Talocrural Joint a. Hinge joint b. Talus, tibia, & fibula c. Most congruent joint of the body d. Greater range of dorsiflexion with knee flexed 4. Subtalar Joint a. Gliding Joint b. Inversion & eversion 5. Metatarsophalangeal Joints a. Condyloid joints b. Flexion & extension - Minimal abduction & adduction 6. Interphalangeal Joints a. Flexion & extension b. Wide variation of ROM from joint to joint & person to person E. Ligaments of the Ankle1. Strong ligaments 2. A & P tibiofibular 3. Lateral a. A & P talofibular b. IE the ATF, PTF c. Calcaneofibular = CF 4. Medial a. Deltoid ligament 5. Retinacula a. Keep tendons from bowing out F. I n j u r i e s 1. Ankle sprains a. most commonly due to excessive inversion 2. Shin Splints a. Common term describing painful leg condition often associated with running activities - no specific diagnosis - attributed to a number of different musculotendinous injuries - most often involves tibias posterior, medial soles, or anterior tibias, but may also involve extensor digitorum longus - may be partially prevented by stretching plantar flexors and strengthening dorsiflexors G. Biomechanics of the Foot 1. Multi-bone structure with numerous joints 2. Has the ability to be rigid or flexible 3. Provides support, shock absorption and flexibility H. Foot Arches1. Ligaments and muscles maintain arches 2. Two longitudinal arches a. Medial or lateral 3. Transverse arch a. 1st to 5th metatarsal 4. Store elastic energy during weight bearing 5. Shock absorbers I. Plantar Fascia 1. Band of connective tissue 2. Arch support J. Movements 1. Dorsiflexion (flexion) 2. Plantarflexion (extension) 3. Eversion a. turning outward; abduction, weight on medial 4. Inversion a. turning inward; adduction, weight on lateral 5. Toe flexion 6. Toe extension 7. Pronation (PEDAB) a. combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction 8. Supination (SPIAD) a. combination of ankle plantarflexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot