Hper 205 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideLecture 1 (January 14)What is the definition of kinesiology?- Def: the study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movementDefine all the anatomical position terminology.- anterior: front - posterior: back - distal: away form midline - proximal: nearest the midline or the point of origin - inferior: below - superior: above - lateral: to the side; farther from the midline - medial: to the middle; nearer to the midline - caudal: below; inferior - cephalic: above; superior - deep: beneath or below the surface - superficial: near the surface - prone: lying on the stomach - supine: lying on the back - dorsal: relating to the back - ventral: relating to the belly - contralateral: pertaining to the opposite side - ipsilateral: on the same side- bilateral: relating to the right and left sides of the bodyLecture 2 (January 21)What are the 3 planes of the body?- Sagittal: runs anterior to posterior and divides body into symmetrical halves - ex: sit up, bicep curl - Frontal: runs laterally and divides the body into front and back halves - ex: jumping jacks - Transverse: runs transverse through midsection and divides body into top and bottom halves - ex: spinal rotation What are the 3 axes of the body?- Frontal: laterally at a right angle to sagittal plane - ex: knee joint, elbow joint - Sagittal: runs from anterior to posterior at a right angle to frontal motion - ex: shoulder joint, hip joint - Longitudinal: right angle to transverse plane of motion - ex: spine What are the general movements of the body?- abduction: lateral movement away from midline - frontal plane - ex: raising arms or legs back to anatomical position - adduction: movement medially toward midline - frontal plane - ex: lowering arms or legs back to anatomical position - flexion: bending movement that goes down joint angle by bring bones together - sagittal plane - ex: elbow joint when hand is drawn to shoulder - extension: straightening movement that goes up joint angle by moving bones apart- sagittal plane - ex: elbow joint when hand moves away from shoulder- circumduction: circular movement - multi-plane - windmill pitch in softball - internal rotation: rotary movement of home toward midline - transverse plane - external rotation: rotary movement of a bone away from midline - transverse What are some movements of the ankle and foot?- Inversion: turning sole of foot inward or medially - Eversion: turning sole of foot outward or laterally - Dorsiflexion: top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone - Plantar flexion: standing on toes - Pronation: a combo of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction - Supination: a combo of planar flexion, inversion, and adduction What are some movements for your spine?- lateral flexion (side bending) - movement of head away from midline - abduction of spine - reduction - return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion - adduction of spine List the different types of bones.- Long bone: composed of a long shaft with wide, protruding ends - ex: phalanges, tibia, fibia, femur, radius, ulna, humerus- Short bone: small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have proportionally largearticular surface in order to work with 1+ bones - ex: carpals and tarsals - Flat Bones: usually have curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to skin - ex: ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula - Irregular bones: includes bones throughout entire spine, ischium, and pubis - Sesamoid bones: patella Lecture 3 (January 26)List the bone markings and anatomical landmarks.- Processes - process: any prominent projection from a bone - tubercle: small rounded projection - tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection - spine process: sharp, slender projection - condyles: large, bone knobs at either end of a long bone - Cavities - facet: flattened or shallow articulating surface - fossa: hollow, depression, or flattened surface - notch: depression - foramen: rounded hole or opening in bone What are the three main classifications of bones? Define them.- Structural - fibrous: connected by collegen - immovable - cartilaginous: connected by cartilage- slight movement - synovial: space between bones - freely movable - Functional - synarthrodial: immovable such as skull and teeth - amphiarthrodial: slightly movable - diarthrodial: freely movable What are the types of diarhrodial joints?- Hinge: flexion/extension - Ball and socket: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/externalrotation, circumduction - Gliding: non specific movement - Condyloid: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction - Saddle (thumb): all - Pivot: internal/external rotation What are the two major types of fiber arrangements?- Parallel: fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle and produce a greater ROM - Pennate: have shorter fibers and are arranged obliquely like a feather - arrangement increases the cross sectional area Lecture 4 (January 28)List and define the different muscle terms.- tendon: fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones - origin: the proximal attachment and least movable part - insertion: the distal attachment and most movable part - intrinsic: both origin and insertion are within part- extrinsic: muscles that originate outside of the body part - action: specific movement resulting from a concentric contraction of muscle that crosses joint What are the two type of muscle fiber?- Slow twitch: less tension and high resistance to fatigue - Fast twitch: faster contraction time and fatigue quickly What roles do our muscles play for our bodies?- Agonist muscles (prime movers) - cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion - Antagonist muscles (contralateral muscles) - located on opposite side of joint and produce opposite action - work with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement - Stabilizers - surround joint and are essential in establishing a firm base of support - contract to stabilize area to enable another limb to exert force or move - Synergist (guiding muscles) - assist in action of agonist muscles - Neutralizers - contract to resist specific actions of other muscles - prevents hypertension of back Lecture 5 (February 2)What parts are included in the central nervous system?- Cerebral cortex: voluntary muscle movement as aggregate muscle actions - Basal Ganglia: posture and equilibrium, learned movements - Cerebellum: feedback control and timing and intensity of muscle
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