Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 13 - 16 Lecture 13 (March 4) What is the definition of an injury? -damage caused by physical trauma sustained by tissues of the body What are the three types of injuries? -macrotraumatic: result of trauma and produce immediate pain and disability such as fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, etc -microtraumatic: result of repetitive loadings or incorrect mechanics such as tendonitis -secondary: inflammatory or hypoxia resulting from primary injurt What is the difference between acute and chronic? -acute: injury that has just occurred or is only a few days old -chronic: injury lasting several weeks Define and provide examples of common injuries. -sprain: injury to a ligament such as a pain or joint disability -strain: injury to a muscle -inflammation: immune response to bodily injury such as redness, heat, swelling, etc -contusion: localized bleeding under the skin AKA a bruise -fracture: break of a bone such as an avulsion or open/closed -dislocation: temporary movement of a bone from original position What are the three phases of the healing continuum? -Phase 1: inflammatory response (within days) -Phase 2: fibroblastic repair (within weeks) -Phase 3: maturation remodeling (within years) Lecture 14 (March 9) What is the purpose of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist? -shoulder: dynamic base of support -elbow: allows hand to approach or extend away from the body -forearm: adjust approach of the hand to object -wrist: broadens placement of hand increases mobility List the hand joints and the type of joint. -Intercarpals HPER 205 1st Edition-Midcarpals: gliding joint -Carpometacarpal: gliding joint -Metacarpophalngeal: condyloid joint -Interphalangeal: hinge joint What is the palmar aponerousis? -thick layer of connective tissue -attachment to palmaris longs What is the fascia? -flexor and extensor retinaculum -passage for tendons -protect tendons and nerves -prevent bow out What are the palmar arches? -allows hand to conform to shape of objects -surface area -stability -sensory feedback Lecture 15 (March 11) What are the 6 muscles that move the wrist? -3 flexors -flexor carpi radialis -flexor carpi ulnaris -palmaris longus - 3 extensors -extensor carpi radialis brevis -extensor carpi radialis longus -extensor carpi ulnaris What are the 9 muscles that move the fingers? -flexors -flexor digitorum superficialis -flexor digitorum profundus -flexor pollicis longus - extensors -extensor digitorum -extensor indicis -extensor digiti minimi -extensor pollicis longusName the origin, insertion, and action of each muscle. -flexor carpi ulnaris -origin: ulna and medial epincondyle of humerus -insertion: carpals -actions: wrist flexion, ulnar deviation - palmaris longus -origin: medial epicondyle of humerus -insertion: palmar aponeurosis -action: flexion - flexor digitorum superficialis -origin: ulna, radius, medial epicondyle -insertion: 4 tendons of fingers -actions: flexion of wrist and fingers - flexor digitorum profundus -origin: medial epicondyle and interosseous membrane -insertion: 4 tnedons of fingers -actions: flexion of wrist and fingers - extensor carpi radialis longus -origin: lateral epincondyle of humerus -insertion: 2nd metacarpal -actions: wrist extnsion, radial deviation - extensor carpi radialis brevis -origin: lateral epincondyle of humerus -insertion: 3rd metacarpal -actions: wrist extension, radial deviation - extensor carpi ulnaris -origin: lateral epincondyle of humerus -insertion: 5th metacarpal -actions: wrist extension, ulnar deviation - extensor digitorum -origin: lateral epincondyle -insertion: 4 fingers -action: extends wrist and fingers Lecture 16 (March 23) List the different types of spine injuries. -spondylolysis: defect of the vertebrae lamina -spondylolisthesis: translation or slippage between adjacent segments -herniated disc: compressive loads, hyperflexion with lateral bending -chronic low back pain, stiff neck, burning pain, whiplash What are the three common shoulder girdle injuries? -AC seperation: injuries to AC ligament or coracoclavicular lig -Thoracic outlet syndrome: compression of nerves, arteries, and veins from spine-sternoclavicular sprain: injury to the ligaments connecting the sternum to clavicle How does the ruptured rotator cuff process work? -inflammation —> microtears —> partial or total rupture —> movement adaptations What is impingement? -abduction of the shoulder girdle -supraspinatus and bursae -microtrauma-instability-subluxation-aggravation What is bursitis? -inflammation of the bursa -results from direct trauma or overuse What are the causes of a bicep tendon injury? -tenosynovitis (repetition) -dislocation -abduction/ext rotation -falls outstretched arm -lateral impact -hyperextension -anterior GH dislocation -bicipital groove angulations - rupture: tissue degeneration List the different elbow dislocations. -avulsion fracture: medial epicondyle -tennis elbow: lateral epincondyle -golfer’s elbow: medial epincondyle -pitcher’s elbow: medial epicondyle due to repetitive stress or trauma What is carpal tunnel? -result from repetitive stress to tissue -64% of work injuries -compressive neuropathy -wrist flexion/ext and finger