D. Compounds in cellsi. Several elements are put together in combination to make functional groups of macromolecules1. Ex.: methyl group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group (most prominent in amino acids and fatty acids), amino group2. Functional groups added to a pool of small organic compounds (>1000 da) – organic means carbon containing, water is not organicii. There are over 100 different types of compounds available and most fit into 4 different types1. Simple sugars, Fatty acids, Amino acids and NucleotidesE. 4 Compound Typesi. Simple sugars1. Monosaccarides – (CH2O)n n=3-8a. Always has an –OH group present and either an aldehyde (R-COH) or a ketone (R-O-R)b. most common monosaccaride is n-acetyl-glucosamine (in chitin or the shell of insects)c. FUNCTIONSi. Can be catabolized into CO2 and H2O and produce energy in the form of heat. Any simple sugar can be made into energy by the cellii. Can link together to create higher order structures with order and function1. ie. Storage: glycogen in animals and starch in plantsiii. Can be altered more to have a structural role, such as cellulose in plants- with beta linked monosaccaridesiv. oligosaccaride- linkages of 3-20 monosaccarides2. can bind with proteins to make glycoproteinsii. Fatty Acids1. Structure: HOOC – R, where R is 8-24 Carbons always arranged in even numbersa. if contains double bonds on the carbon chain, considered unsaturated rather than saturatedb. one double bond= monosaturated2. Essential fatty acids- human body doesn’t produce these, must come from diet3. FUNCTIONa. Can be completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O to derive twice as much energy as a simple sugarb. Can make complex fatty acidsi. Ex: triglyceride (glycerol + 3 fatty acids) – most commonly known as our adipose or fatii. phospholipids made of 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus and vitamin attached by carbon these are very tasty and essential in membrane function (ex. Phosphatidycholine)iii. Amino acids1. Structure: HN- C – COOH : where R has 20 posibilitiesa. R2. R= H  glycine3. R= CH2  alanine2. FUNCTIONa. Energy- always in the form of heat in a cellb. Linked together to make proteinsc. Can serve as signaling moleculesd. Learning that they may have more regulatory functions that we do not know of, some in malignant, neoplastic cells.. etc.  don’t know a lot about themiv. Nucleotides1. Interested in 5: purines (2 rings)- adenine, guanine pyrimidines (1 ring): cytosine, uricil and thymine2. Bound to a simple sugar on the one carbon of the sugar, mostly ribose3. Phosplate on the 5 carbon of the sugara. can be 1, 2, or 3, phosphate groups attached, if adenine nucleoside is on the other side of sugar and 3 phosphate => ATPb. every nucleotide can exist in a tri, di and mono phosphate formc. ATP can have ribose or deoxyribose as a sugard. ***If break 3rd phosphate bond in ATP, release 7.3kcal/mol of heat!BY 330 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Historical Background of cellII. Chemical make up of cellsA. CompositionB. WaterC. CarbonOutline of Current Lecture D. Compounds in cellsE. 4 Compounds 1. Simple Sugar 2. Fatty Acid 3. Amino Acid 4. NucleotideCurrent LectureD. Compounds in cellsi. Several elements are put together in combination to make functional groups of macromolecules 1. Ex.: methyl group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group (most prominent in amino acids and fatty acids), amino group2. Functional groups added to a pool of small organic compounds(>1000 da) – organic means carbon containing, water is not organicii. There are over 100 different types of compounds available and most fit into 4 different types 1. Simple sugars, Fatty acids, Amino acids and NucleotidesE. 4 Compound Typesi. Simple sugarsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Monosaccarides – (CH2O)n n=3-8a. Always has an –OH group present and either an aldehyde(R-COH) or a ketone (R-O-R) b. most common monosaccaride is n-acetyl-glucosamine (in chitin or the shell of insects)c. FUNCTIONSi. Can be catabolized into CO2 and H2O and produce energy in the form of heat. Any simple sugar can be made into energy by the cellii. Can link together to create higher order structures with order and function 1. ie. Storage: glycogen in animals and starch in plantsiii. Can be altered more to have a structural role, such as cellulose in plants- with beta linked monosaccaridesiv. oligosaccaride- linkages of 3-20 monosaccarides 2. can bind with proteins to make glycoproteins ii. Fatty Acids1. Structure: HOOC – R, where R is 8-24 Carbons always arranged in even numbersa. if contains double bonds on the carbon chain, considered unsaturated rather than saturated b. one double bond= monosaturated2. Essential fatty acids- human body doesn’t produce these, must come from diet3. FUNCTIONa. Can be completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O to derive twice as much energy as a simple sugarb. Can make complex fatty acids i. Ex: triglyceride (glycerol + 3 fatty acids) – most commonly known as our adipose or fat ii. phospholipids made of 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus and vitamin attached by carbon these are very tasty and essential in membrane function (ex. Phosphatidycholine)iii. Amino acids1. Structure: HN- C – COOH : where R has 20 posibilities a. R2. R= H  glycine3. R= CH2  alanine2. FUNCTIONa. Energy- always in the form of heat in a cellb. Linked together to make proteins c. Can serve as signaling molecules d. Learning that they may have more regulatory functions that we do not know of, some in malignant, neoplastic cells.. etc.  don’t know a lot about themiv. Nucleotides 1. Interested in 5: purines (2 rings)- adenine, guanine pyrimidines (1 ring): cytosine, uricil and thymine2. Bound to a simple sugar on the one carbon of the sugar, mostlyribose 3. Phosplate on the 5 carbon of the sugar a. can be 1, 2, or 3, phosphate groups attached, if adenine nucleoside is on the other side of sugar and 3 phosphate => ATPb. every nucleotide can exist in a tri, di and mono phosphateformc. ATP can have ribose or deoxyribose as a sugard. ***If break 3rd phosphate bond in ATP, release 7.3kcal/mol of heat!***Minor change in small structures= large change in body *** Not by chance that all 4 Types of compounds produce energy  means that cell can make energy no matter what the