DOC PREVIEW
UAB BY 330 - Exam 1 Study Guide
Type Study Guide
Pages 8

This preview shows page 1-2-3 out of 8 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 8 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 8 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 8 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 8 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

BY 330 Cell BiologyExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1: Historical Background of Cell 1. Who discovered the first cell and in what year?Robert Hooke discovered the first cell in the 1600s as a curator of instruments, and noticed little compartments that he referred to as celluae 2. What are the 3 major components of Cell Theory?All organisms consist of one or more cells The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms All cells arise only from preexisting cells3. When did Watson and Crick discover DNA? Was a Cell Biology course made shortly thereafter?DNA was discovered in 1953, yes the first cell biology course was offered in the 1950s. 4. What is the average size of the cell? Why is it so small?The average cell ranges from 1-100 micrometers (μm) in size (make sure you know the difference between mm, μm, and nm). For comparison, DNA is 2nm wide. The small size of cells allows them to have a large surface area per unit volume. This is extremely important for diffusion of gases, because not only is there a larger surface area, but there is a shorter distance to its end-goal, as gasses have no vehicles of transportation like other molecules, the decrease in volume is an important quality.5. What are the main 6 elements in a cell? Why is carbon so plentiful?Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur. Carbon is the base of all the organic components in a cell because of its small size and its ability to make 4 covalent bonds,since it has 4 valence electrons. It is also one of few elements that has no upper-limit in size of molecule generation.6. What is the solvent of choice in the body?Water is the solvent of choice in the body, it makes up 70% of the cell. It is a polar molecule that can organize itself due to its bent, polar structure. The hydrogen bonding with itself offers no upper limit in size, arrangements and organization also exists based on the polarity of molecules, whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic. It also has a high boiling point and melting point, allowing it to remain consistent in the body.Lecture 2: Compounds in Cells1. What are the four types of small organic compounds? How large are they?The four types are simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and nucleic acids. They are lessthan 1000 daltons2. What is the basic structure of a simple sugar and its major functions?Structure: (CH2O)n where n is 3-8 A simple sugar can be catabolized to produce energy in the form of heat (1). It also can link together easily to make higher order structures with organization, often used for storage (ex. Glycogen, storage of glucose) (2). It can also be altered more to have a greater structural component such as cellulose in plants, it is a higher order structure that links monosaccarides with beta bonds to create a more rigid structure3. What is the Basic structure of a fatty acid and its major functions?Structure: HOOC- R where R is 8-24 carbons attached to hydrogen in a saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds.A fatty acid can also be completely oxidized to CO2 and water to derive twice as much energy as a simple sugar (1). Fatty acids can also make higher order molecules like triglycerides, which form most of our adipose tissue and phospholipids, which make up our cell membrane (2) (be able to draw both of these).4. What is the basic structure of an amino acid and its functions?Structure: HN – C – COOH R where R has 20 different structures making 20 a.a. An amino acid can catabolize and generate energy (always in the form of heat) (1). Linked together, amino acids can make proteins (2). They also serve as signaling molecules in the cell (3), and may have many regulatory properties (4).5. What is the basic structure of a nucleotide and its function?Structure: 1. Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 2. Nucleoside (purine: adenine, guanine or pyrimidine: cytosine, uracil or thymine) 3. Phosphate chain ** make sure to drawCan exist as a mono, di or triphosphate chain, in which it contains lots of possibility for energy generation (1). ATP generates about 7.3kcal of energy. Nucleotides also store information in their nucleosides or nucleic bases, as they make nucleic acids (2). They are also used as signaling molecules, one example would be cAMP (3).6. Which of the four small organic compounds can generate energy?All four types can generate energy; the cell can make energy no matter what the source. Lecture 3: Macromolecules1. What size defines a macromolecule, and what type of bonds do they contain? A macromolecule is greater than 1000 daltons, and they contain both covalent and weak bonds. The covalent bonds make up the structural backbone, and the weak bonds allow the macromolecules to interact with itself, and provide flexibility in its structure.2. What are the different types of weak bond interactions?Hydrogen bonding is a Hydrogen atom shared between two electronegative atoms (F, O, or N).Ionic bonding is an attraction between two fully or partially charged groups, which in aqueous solutions is weak, but extremely rigid in the absence of water.Van der Waal interactions are the weakest of the interactions, they are the split second of attraction when electrons of adjacent atoms line up and are attracted to the other nucleus.Hydrophobic interactions are the interactions of nonpolar molecules that mutually exclude water.3. What are the four main types of macromolecules?Nucleic acids (DNA), Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids4. What is DNA’s basic structure?Structure: Single strand is phosphodiester linkages of at least 2 adjacent nucleotides(sugar, nucleoside and phosphate chain) on the 5’ and 3’ ends of the nucleotideDouble strand has attraction between 2 complimentary nucleotides, making 2 Hydrogen bonds between A and T and three between C and G. *Strong covalent bonds make up the backbone, while weak bonds hold together the helix, allowing for 10 base pairs to exist before each turn. 5. What types of DNA and RNA exist in the cell (single strand or double stranded)?Both single stranded and double stranded DNA and RNA exist in the cell.6. How is DNA stored in the cell? Why?The negatively charged DNA is stored as chromatin, wrapped around positively charged histone proteins to protect itself from nucleases. A pair of each of four types of histone proteins combine together to make a nucleosome, while the H1 histone proteins protect any remaining unprotected DNA. These build to make chromosomes (the


View Full Document

UAB BY 330 - Exam 1 Study Guide

Type: Study Guide
Pages: 8
Download Exam 1 Study Guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Exam 1 Study Guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Exam 1 Study Guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?