I. 2nd law of Thermodynamics- Entropy – all physical and chemical reactions proceed in a direction such that maximum randomness (entropy) is obtained1. cell would appear to violate the second law because it is so organized – However this cell is organized at high energetic cost2. Oxidation- loss of electrons (particularly from carbon); deals with the movement of electrons, mot necessarily dealing with oxygen (electrons are plentiful in organic molecule like glucose)3. Reduction- the gaining of electronsa) LEO the lion says GER or OIL, RIG4. Catabolism in the cell- Oxidization (of say glucose to CO2) is stepwise, a series of intermediates(1) Cell then collects the electrons at each of the intermediates (ex. NAD and NADP) – look up structure(2) Carbons within these intermediates that love electrons NAD (oxidized) NADH (reduced), NADP (oxidized)NADPH (reduced)(3) Must go stepwise because do not want to release all energy at once- the cell can retain and store electrons, unlike most things like a fire.(4) as energy is released along this oxidation of glucose or a molecule, some of that heat can be captured directly in covalent bonds to convert ADP to ATP(5) we are not very efficient in what we eat- constantly releasing heatb) *** so important that every organism has a very similar system of catabolizationc) all cells have the ability to do Glycolysis5. Anabolism- process by which we take low energy, relatively oxidized compounds, take them to higher energy compounds by adding electrons(1) electrons that were stored in the form of NADH or NADPH can be used to move up the energy ladder stepwise.(2) involves the reduction of carbon to other higher energy carbon, and it can only be obtained if we have the catabolism and oxidization of organic molecules(3) minimizes energy – reduction6. ** Note: electrons always move in pairs 2e-s move in a form of a hydridea) A hydride is 2e-s and H+ or H and 1e-II. Control of energy in Glycolysis (3 points that this energy release is controlled the most- all others are based on the theory of mass action, only 3 are rate limiting)1. Overall process: Glucose (6C) 686 Kcal/mol 2 Pyruvate (3C) 641 Kcal/mol .. therefore, about 45 Kcal of heat are released in the process of glycolysisa) important to note; no carbons were lost and there is still a ton of energy left in itb) 2 ATP are made – 1ATP is equivalent to about 7.3 Kcal/mol, meaning we retained 14.6 of the 45 kcal lost, which is about 32.4% efficientc) * Enzyme Hexose Kinase moves phosphate here- this is VERY tightly regulated RATE LIMITING2. Step 1: Glucose (6C)  glucose-6-Pa) ATP donates a Phosphorous to glucose- costs energy here3. Step 2: Glucose-6-P  Fructose-6-P4. Step 3: Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-bisPa) ATP used again here, making a very high energy compound, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphorusb) ** Enzyme - Phosphofructokinase (PFK)- MOST RATE LIMITING STEP – regulating ligand- at least 12 modulating binding sites on this enzyme5. Step 4: Fructose-1,6-bisP  Glyceraldehyde-3-P and DHAP6. {Step 5: DHAP- converted and made to Glyceraldehyde-3-P}7. Step 6: 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-P (3C)  2 1,3 phosphoglycerophosphatea) phosphate comes from inorganic Phosphorus (Pi)- added to each of the 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-Psb) a pair of electrons is also moved from Glyceraldehyde-3-P to NAD to make NADH (Glyceraldehyde-3-P is oxidized and the electrons are transferred to NAD which is then reduced to NADH)c) 2 NADHs are made – one for each8. Step 7: 2 1,3 phosphoglycerophosphate  2 3 phosphoglyceratea) Lose a phosphorus here, ADP converted to ATP here for each moleculeb) energetically even here9. Step 8: 2 3 phosphoglycerate  2 2PGa) Phosphate moved10. Step 9: 2 2PG 2 phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)11. Step 10: 2 phosphoenol pyruvate  2 pyruvatea) 2 more ATPs are made from each phosphate leaving to make pyruvateb) * Enzyme Pyruvate kinase – very highly regulated here RATE LIMITING12. CANCER- can no longer regulate carbon flow correctly and over or underproduce the energy that a cell needs, causing loss of energy control in cellsIII. Energy charge in cells1. maintain energy charge through ratio of 3ATP: 2ADP: 1AMP – if not maintained the cell will die (disease)a) if use ATP, ADP and AMP, we will replenish it by running pathways like glycolysis for the energyBY 330 Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture Protein (continued)III. Thermodynamics A. 1st law of thermodynamicsOutline of Current LectureI. 2nd of thermodynamicsII. Control of Energy in GlycolysisIII. Energy change in cellsCurrent LectureI. 2nd law of Thermodynamics- Entropy – all physical and chemical reactions proceed in a direction such that maximum randomness (entropy) is obtained1. cell would appear to violate the second law because it is so organized – However this cell is organized at high energetic cost2. Oxidation- loss of electrons (particularly from carbon); deals with the movement of electrons, mot necessarily dealing with oxygen (electrons are plentiful in organic molecule like glucose) 3. Reduction- the gaining of electrons a) LEO the lion says GER or OIL, RIG4. Catabolism in the cell- Oxidization (of say glucose to CO2) is stepwise, a series of intermediates(1) Cell then collects the electrons at each of the intermediates (ex. NAD and NADP) – look up structure (2) Carbons within these intermediates that love electrons NAD (oxidized) NADH (reduced), NADP (oxidized)NADPH (reduced)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.(3) Must go stepwise because do not want to release all energy at once- the cell can retain and store electrons, unlike most things like a fire. (4) as energy is released along this oxidation of glucose or a molecule, some of that heat can be captured directly in covalent bonds to convert ADP to ATP(5) we are not very efficient in what we eat- constantly releasing heatb) *** so important that every organism has a very similar system of catabolizationc) all cells have the ability to do Glycolysis5. Anabolism- process by which we take low energy, relatively oxidized compounds, take them to higher energy compounds by adding electrons (1) electrons that were stored in the form of NADH or NADPH can be used to move up the energy ladder stepwise. (2) involves the reduction of carbon to other higher energy carbon, and it can only be obtained if we have the catabolism and