DOC PREVIEW
UAB BY 330 - Exam 2 Study Guide
Type Study Guide
Pages 4

This preview shows page 1 out of 4 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 4 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 4 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

BY 330 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-11Lecture 7: Control Points/ RegulatorsName the 3 positive modulators of PFK. Why are they considered positive modulatorsAMP- means that the ATP concentration is decreasing so it is a positive modulator for the enzyme to make more ATP G-6-P will feed forward to make sure that glycolysis will continueF-2,6- bisP – huge positive modulator that is produced from F-6-P by the enzyme phosphofructokinase-2 and will move this step as fast as possible What are some negative modulators of Pyruvate Kinase?ATP- is a negative modulator, if you have excess ATP, you will not need to make more Alanine- is a negative modulator from protein breakdown, you will not need to break down glucose Write out the first reaction that consumes pyruvate. Is this part of the Krebs cycle?Pyruvate (3C) + NAD + CoA (B-vitamin complex)  Acetyl CoA (2C with high energy bond) + NADH +CO2 (first step where we produce CO2)What enzyme controls the first reaction of the Krebs cycle? Write out that reaction.Citrate synthase Acetyl CoA(2C) + oxaloacetate (4C) + citrate synthase  citrate(6C) + citrate synthase (enzyme not consumed)Lecture 8: ETC and Protein makingWrite out the reactions that release a pair of electrons onto a carrier in the Krebs Cycle, including the enzymes they use.Isocitrate + NAD + isocitrate dehydrogenase*  Alphaketoglutarate + NADH + isocitrate dehydrogenase*Aphaketoglutarate + NAD + alphaketoglutodehydreogenase*  Succinyl- CoA + NADH + alphaketoglutodehydreogenase*Succinate + FAD + succinate dehydrogenase*  Fumarate + FADH2 +succinate dehydrogenase*Malate + NAD + malate dehydrongenase*  Oxaloacetate + NADH + malate dehydrogenase**enzymes are not consumedWhat are some negative modulators for the Krebs cycle, which enzyme do they effect?ATP is a negative modulator for the enzyme malate dehydrogenase, and Succinyl CoA is a negative modulator for Citrate synthase Explain the break down of fatty acids and where they end up.A fatty acid is chopped into 2 carbon units by the enzyme beta oxidase, in a process called beta oxidation. These 2 carbon units are added to the CoA vitamin to make Acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle by combining with oxaloacetate to make citrate regulated by the enzyme citrate synthase.List the cytocrome names, where they are located and what they do in the mitochondria.There are Cytocromes A, A3, b, C, C1 and they are located in the intermembrane space of the Mitochondria. Cytocromes have metal ions in their core that exist in the oxidized state (ex. Fe2+ -compounds are more stable when they are oxidized), Electrons are hydrogens are released into the cytochromes and passed on so that they can stay in the oxidized state and not get unstable. The electrons of NADH are passed from cytochrome I to II to III to IV and FADH2 electrons are passed from cytochrome II to III to IV. Building up the H+ concentration in the innermembrane space to eventually make ATP.Why would do we still have to pee although we haven’t drank any liquids in a very long while?This happens because for most animals, in the final step of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and the Hydrogen groupies with it, producing metabolic water after the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins or lipids. Other animals may use sulfur to except the final electrons, however, humans do not use sulfur too often.What RNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase II?mRNA (messenger RNA) and SnRNA (small nuclear RNA produced and stays in the nucleus, is only about 100 nucleotides in length, and is uracil rich (occasionally works like enzyme)) Lecture 9: TranscriptionIn a prokaryotic cell, what are the conserved areas of the promoter region and how far are they apart from each other? After RNA polymerase reaches its termination sequence and releases the RNA to thecytosol, how does it protect its 3’ end?Further upstream TTGACA has to be conserved for RNA polymerase to recognize, and on average there are 17 nucleotides in between and there is the TATATT sequence, that starts after 10 nucleotides upstream of the 5’ end. After RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence TTTT, and releases the RNA, sequences of around 8 nucleotides that look like GCCG and CGGC, “self complimentary nucleotides,” will be several nucleotides from the 3’ end and will cause the RNA to fold on itself to protect that 3’ end.Lecture 10: Post TranscriptionIn order for transcription to occur, what does the RNA polymerase II have to recognize on what strand?After this, where are the complimentary bases added? Is there a termination sequence? What is it? In the promoter region, 20-30 nucleotides upstream there is the sequence TATA that tells the polymerase where to start and 70-80 nucleotides upstream on the coding strand, there is the sequence CAAT that tells the polymerase how often to bind. And further upstream, there are also enhancers that are “promoter like” and will attract the protein that unwinds the DNA, the transcription factor. The complimentary bases are then added to the template strand adding form the 5’ to the 3’ end. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II does not recognize the TTTT termination sequence and over transcribes. Instead UsnRNA and a protein called UsnRNP recognizes the sequence AAUAAA 10 nucleotides upstreamof the 3’ end and will cut off the over transcription.What are the 3 post transcription modifications in mRNA?One is the G-cap- guanine Nucleotide is added 5’ to 5’ which is not easily recognized by nucleases. The Guanine used here is mono-methylated, not necessarily guanine. Then there is the Poly-A-tail. Poly-A-synthetase recognizes the 3’ end and will one-at-a-time add adenine nucleotides with ATP (a LOT of energy used here) it adds until about 510 nucleotides are added in length, stabilizing it and allowing it to go from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to be translated. Also a spliceosome will take two nucleotides on either side and splice out some of the RNA called an intron, what remains is an exon. Lecture 11: RibosomesWhat are ribosomes made of? What types of RNA and what RNA polymerase transcribes them?70 proteins and 4 RNA 28s – RNA polymerase 1 transcribes this, 18s – RNA polymerase 1 transcribes this, 5.8 s - RNA polymerase 1 transcribes this, 5 s – RNA polymerase III transcribes thisWhat does the secondary region of the chromosome make up in the nucleus? What is genetic materialis this made of? The secondary


View Full Document

UAB BY 330 - Exam 2 Study Guide

Type: Study Guide
Pages: 4
Download Exam 2 Study Guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Exam 2 Study Guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Exam 2 Study Guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?