I. Cell= basic unit of lifeII. 100 microns or less in sizeI. Historical BackgroundA. Cells are the smallest structure/ functional unit of any living organism1. Talking mostly about Eukaryotes in this class2. Don’t know where cells came from- Don’t really care where they didB. 1st cell was observed by Robert Hooke (1600s)1. Hooke was a curator for instruments- he took cork and sliced it thinly and noticed little compartments when looking in the microscope. - refered to these as cellulae (eventually cut to the word cell)2. Very good at observation back then, although lacked technology3. Mostly studied plantsC. 1800s Microscopes could resolve to 1 micrometerD. Cell Theory (mid 1800s) – still holds1. All organisms consist of one or more cells2. Cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells ---highly controversial here, particularly among theologiansE. Antone van Leeuwenhoek- commonly known as Father of Microbiology1. Looked at sperm and saw a little man  he thought this was the origin of lifeF. 1st Cell Biology course not offered until 1950s1. Watson and Crick were not published for discovering DNA until 1953G. Challenges of Cell Biology1. size of cella) microscopes allow us to see organelles and even large proteins, otherwise must use other techniquesb) use molecular/ biochemical techniques and deduce from therec) range from 1-100 micrometers in size (1/1000mm= 1 μm) average size is between 10-100 μm(1) note: 1nm = 1/1000 of a μm(2) DNA double helix is 2nm2. Why are cells so small??a) with small size, cells have much larger surface area per unit volume(1) This is important for diffusion, particularly diffusion of gases: there are no oxygen or carbon dioxide transporters in the cell(2) Diffusion is dependent on surface area such that an increase in SA will increase diffusion—it is wholly dependent on the distance to and size of exit ports(3) For diffusion of gases want increased surface area and decreased volume, but for diffusion of things other than oxygen, just an increase in surface area is enough, does not necessarily have to be small in size/ volumeIII. Chemical Makeup of CellA. 6 Elements make up 99% of the cell; C, H, N, O, P, SB. 70% of cell is composed of water1. Why is water the solvent of choice?a) Polar molecule- structure bent, with a 104 degree angle, allowing the oxygen to be slightly negative and the Hydrogens hold a slightly positive charge(1) As a polar molecule, can interact with other molecules, including itself(2) organizes attaching to itself and other molecules through hydrogen bondingb) Hydrogen bonding with itself and other molecules to form a larger structure with no upper limit in sizec) High boiling point (212 degrees F) and Melting point2. Hydrophilic- any molecule that interacts well with water--- meaning a molecule that water can easily arrange itself arounda) hydrophobic- it is difficult for water to arrange itself around these molecules3. Organization of water or lack there of has consequences in the cellC. Carbon- the base of all the organic components of the cell1. Why carbon?a) smallb) has 4 valence electrons, capable of making 4 covalent bondsc) one of few elements that has no upper limit in sizeBY 330 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I. Historical BackgroundII. Chemical make up of the cellA. WaterB. CarbonCurrent LectureI. Cell= basic unit of lifeII. 100 microns or less in sizeI. Historical Background A. Cells are the smallest structure/ functional unit of any living organism 1. Talking mostly about Eukaryotes in this class2. Don’t know where cells came from- Don’t really care where they didB. 1st cell was observed by Robert Hooke (1600s) 1. Hooke was a curator for instruments- he took cork and sliced it thinly and noticed little compartments when looking in the microscope. - refered to these as cellulae (eventually cut to the word cell)2. Very good at observation back then, although lacked technology 3. Mostly studied plantsC. 1800s Microscopes could resolve to 1 micrometer D. Cell Theory (mid 1800s) – still holds1. All organisms consist of one or more cells 2. Cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells ---highly controversial here, particularly among theologians E. Antone van Leeuwenhoek- commonly known as Father of MicrobiologyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Looked at sperm and saw a little man  he thought this was the origin of life F. 1st Cell Biology course not offered until 1950s1. Watson and Crick were not published for discovering DNA until 1953G. Challenges of Cell Biology 1. size of cell a) microscopes allow us to see organelles and even large proteins, otherwisemust use other techniquesb) use molecular/ biochemical techniques and deduce from therec) range from 1-100 micrometers in size (1/1000mm= 1 μm) average size is between 10-100 μm(1) note: 1nm = 1/1000 of a μm(2) DNA double helix is 2nm2. Why are cells so small??a) with small size, cells have much larger surface area per unit volume (1) This is important for diffusion, particularly diffusion of gases: there are no oxygen or carbon dioxide transporters in the cell(2) Diffusion is dependent on surface area such that an increase in SAwill increase diffusion—it is wholly dependent on the distance to and size of exit ports(3) For diffusion of gases want increased surface area and decreased volume, but for diffusion of things other than oxygen, just an increase in surface area is enough, does not necessarily have to be small in size/volumeIII. Chemical Makeup of CellA. 6 Elements make up 99% of the cell; C, H, N, O, P, SB. 70% of cell is composed of water1. Why is water the solvent of choice?a) Polar molecule- structure bent, with a 104 degree angle, allowing the oxygen to be slightly negative and the Hydrogens hold a slightly positive charge(1) As a polar molecule, can interact with other molecules, including itself (2) organizes attaching to itself and other molecules through hydrogenbondingb) Hydrogen bonding with itself and other molecules to form a larger structure with no upper limit in size c) High boiling point (212 degrees F) and Melting point 2. Hydrophilic- any molecule that interacts well with water--- meaning a molecule that water can easily arrange itself around a) hydrophobic- it