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UAB BY 330 - Macromolecule
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F. Macromolecules- larger than 1000da, composed of any of the 4 types of molecules and all carbon based1. Weak Bonds *determine specificity of macromolecular bondsa) Hydrogen bond- H atom shared between two electronegative atomsb) Ionic bond- attraction between fully or partially charged groups. In aqueous solution they are relatively weak. Absence of water, it is no longer a weak bondc) van der Waal- weakest of the weak. Split second attraction when electrons of adjacent atoms line up and are attracted to the other nucleus and since the atoms are close together in the body, happens oftend) Hydrophobic interaction- water hater, non-polar, if another does not like water, they will join and mutually exclude polar molecules.2. DNAa) makes up 1% of dry matter of the cell- small concentration with a great importanceb) Basic Stucture(1) Nucleotide (sugar, Phosphate group on the 5 carbon, and nucleoside on the one carbon), but a single nucleotide is not a nucleic acid!, must have two to make a single strand(2) Nucleic acid- the combination of 2 adjacent nucleotides through ester linkages on the 5’ and 3’ ends.(3) Phosphodiester linkages make up the backbone of the nucleic acidc) Nomenclature(1) always read 5’ end to 3’ end(a) 3’end= end with free –OH on the sugar(b) 5’ end= end with lone phosphated) Double stranded DNA- need a complimentary nucleotide(1) attraction between 2 nucleotides are 2 H-bonds between A and T and 3 H-bonds between C and G(2) exists in anti-parallel chains: explains why there are Okasaki fragments when reading(3) strong covalent bonding holds together backbone of single strand of DNA, while weak bonds, particularly H-bonds hold together double stranded DNA- which together are very strong (strong enough to last many years in ware)(4) can have double stranded and single stranded DNA and RNA in cell, as well as ½ DNA and ½ RNA strand in the cell(5) Double helix has 10 base pairs before each turn(6) width is 2nme) Storage of DNA(1) Lone DNA in the cell can not exist- it will be destroyed by defense enzymes(2) Chromatin= DNA and histone proteins(a) DNA is negatively charged, while the histone proteins are positively charged so they can bind to, protect and organize the DNA(b) more efficient way of storing DNA(c) 3 forms of chromatin(i) chromosome- most condensed form of chromatin (part you can see in mitosis and meiosis)(ii) heterochromatin- when begins to decondense in telophase and exists monstly in interphase this is relatively biologically inactive(iii) euchromatin- further decondensed chromatin still attached to nucleosomes (replication and transcription happen when in this form(3) Histones- 5 types (H2A, H2B, H3 H4 and H1)(4) nucleosome- made of 2 of every type of histone except for H1, 8 total globular proteins.(a) Nucleosome is 11nm in diameter(b) human body has approx 25 million nucleosomes(5) DNA is wrapped around a nucleosome 1.7 times with approximately 150 base pairs to protect it(6) DNA coils and supercoils around these histones to make chromosomes (1400nm in diameter)(7) H1 histone (a non-nucleosomal histone) then protects any DNA left unprotected by the histones(a) wraps around it like a little hot dog bun and protects it from the defensive enzymes3. Proteina) Made from amino acids linked to form a higher order molecules(1) there are 20 amino acids and just four amino acids linked has 160000 possibilitiesb) The average protein has 300 amino acids, meaning that there are around 10390 possible amino acid combinations that can exist in one single proteinBY 330 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture D. Compounds in cellsE. 4 Compounds 1. Simple Sugar 2. Fatty Acid 3. Amino Acid4. Nucleotide Outline of Current Lecture F. Macromolecules 1. Weak Bonds (review)2. DNA3. ProteinCurrent LectureF. Macromolecules- larger than 1000da, composed of any of the 4 types of molecules and all carbon based- Small molecules often used as building blocks to macromolecules- many have ability to move and interact with others or itself through weak bonds  not covalent bonds1. Weak Bonds *determine specificity of macromolecular bondsa) Hydrogen bond- H atom shared between two electronegative atomsb) Ionic bond- attraction between fully or partially charged groups. In aqueous solution they are relatively weak. Absence of water, it is no longer a weak bondc) van der Waal- weakest of the weak. Split second attraction when electrons of adjacent atoms line up and are attracted to the other nucleus and since the atoms are close together in the body, happens oftend) Hydrophobic interaction- water hater, non-polar, if another does not likewater, they will join and mutually exclude polar molecules. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. DNAa) makes up 1% of dry matter of the cell- small concentration with a great importanceb) Basic Stucture (1) Nucleotide (sugar, Phosphate group on the 5 carbon, and nucleoside on the one carbon), but a single nucleotide is not a nucleic acid!, must have two to make a single strand(2) Nucleic acid- the combination of 2 adjacent nucleotides through ester linkages on the 5’ and 3’ ends. (3) Phosphodiester linkages make up the backbone of the nucleic acidc) Nomenclature(1) always read 5’ end to 3’ end(a) 3’end= end with free –OH on the sugar(b) 5’ end= end with lone phosphate d) Double stranded DNA- need a complimentary nucleotide(1) attraction between 2 nucleotides are 2 H-bonds between A and T and 3 H-bonds between C and G(2) exists in anti-parallel chains: explains why there are Okasaki fragments when reading(3) strong covalent bonding holds together backbone of single strand of DNA, while weak bonds, particularly H-bonds hold together double stranded DNA- which together are very strong (strong enough to last many years in ware)(4) can have double stranded and single stranded DNA and RNA in cell, as well as ½ DNA and ½ RNA strand in the cell(5) Double helix has 10 base pairs before each turn(6) width is 2nm e) Storage of DNA(1) Lone DNA in the cell can not exist- it will be destroyed by defense enzymes (2) Chromatin= DNA and histone proteins(a) DNA is negatively charged, while the histone proteins arepositively charged so they can bind to, protect and organize the DNA(b) more efficient way of storing DNA(c) 3 forms of chromatin(i) chromosome- most condensed form of chromatin (part you


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UAB BY 330 - Macromolecule

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