!"#$!#!%&!&!"#$%"&'%("$)*%+"#"&,)%-)../&%01%22%+34-%5567%22%00%4,$/8)*%0659%!&'()*+&,()-./&012-&.(3&04(561(&713.89:&71;)5+&<./*&.(3&=.*>2&?./.(5>&713.89:&/>.2()(@&1AB>56C>:+&?>&.A/>&*1+&•! D>/.*>&1:-151(E12->2:&.(3&1:-12>@4/.*12:&*1&*F>)2&>(C)21(->(*:&•! D>/.*>&.()-./:9&()*21@>(14:&G.:*>:&*1&.(&.()-./9:&>(C)21(->(*&.(3&>(>2@8&4:>&•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email protected]&.A1C>&*1&)(3)5.*>&)E&*F>&T:F&):&@.)()(@#/1:)(@&)1(:&.(3#12&G.*>2O&_&!"#$!#!%&V&H1-;.2>3&*1&.&E2>:FG.*>2&T:FN&814&G14/3&>I;>5*&.&-.2)(>&T:F&*1+&,O! R.C>&-12>&3)/4*>&42)(>&?O! R.C>&-12>&51(5>(*2.*>3&42)(>&HO! `21345>&*F>&:.->&.-14(*&1E&42)(>&YO! `21345>&(1&42)(>&a&^.(3&,()-./:&`21A/>-+&,3.;*.61(:&!"&!"#$!#!%&Z&Figure 44.8 Proteins Nucleic acids Amino acids Nitrogenous bases —NH2 Amino groups Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails Ammonia Urea Uric acid F>$*/A)&/G.%(".$)%H/I>,>$@%!!&Figure 44.8a Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails Ammonia Urea Uric acid ("$)*%&))')'%$/%)I,*)$)%J&)*A@%&))')'%$/%;*/'G,)%!$&Most toxicless toxicLeast toxic!"#$!#!%&\&KC1/461(.28&<*245*42./&b.2).61(:&E12&J:-12>@4/.61(&.(3&KI52>61(&•! `21*1(>;F2)3).&–! c.*G12-:&•! [>*.(>;F2)3).&–! .((>/)3:&•! [./;)@F).(&*4A4/>:&–! *>22>:*2)./&.2*F21;13:&•! U)3(>8:&–! C>2*>A2.*>:&.(3&1*F>2&5F123.*>:&!L&Figure 44.11 Tubules of protonephridia Tubule Flame bulb Nucleus of cap cell Cilia Interstitial fluid flow Opening in body wall Tubule cell `21*1(>;F2)3).&!%&!"#$!#!%&_&Figure 44.12 Components of a metanephridium: Collecting tubule Internal opening Bladder External opening Coelom Capillary network [>*.(>;F2)3).&!V&Figure 44.13 Digestive tract Midgut (stomach) Malpighian tubules Rectum Intestine Hindgut Salt, water, and nitrogenous wastes Feces and urine Malpighian tubule To anus Rectum Reabsorption HEMOLYMPH [./;)@F).(&74A4/>:&!Z&!"#$!#!%&a&Figure 44.14-a Excretory Organs Kidney Structure Nephron Types Posterior vena cava Renal artery and vein Aorta Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Kidney Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron Renal pelvis Renal cortex Renal medulla U)3(>8:&!\&,()-./&012-&.(3&04(561(+&<./*&.(3&=.*>2&?./.(5>&713.89:&/>.2()(@&1AB>56C>:+&?>&.A/>&*1+&•! D>/.*>&1:-151(E12->2:&.(3&1:-12>@4/.*12:&*1&*F>)2&>(C)21(->(*:&•! D>/.*>&.()-./:9&()*21@>(14:&G.:*>:&*1&*F>)2&>(C)21(->(*&.(3&>(>2@8&4:>&•!