!!"!#"!$%!%!%&'()(*+,%-(../012+%&'()(*+%3455(0%67%,,%89:3%!!;#%,,%!<%=(>4.?4@%A;!$%B012,%&'()(*+%C(DE+F5%C(G1',%-(../012+%&'()(*+%C(DE+F5%)4E@010*%(?H4'I>45,%84%E?)4%2(,%!! J45'@1?4%K(L%(@*E015.5%1024@E'2%L12K%(04%E0(2K4@%MK4)GN%[email protected]%(@%0(%4O4'2P%/510*%'(../012+%4'()(*152%[email protected]()(*+%!! J45'@1?4%2K4%'(.G(04025%2KE2%.EQ4%/G%D1>4@512+%!! J45'@1?4%R((D%'KE105%E0D%R((D%L4?5%!! S4)E24%D1>4@512+%2(%R((D%L4?5%A%!!"!#"!$%A%Figure 52.2 Global ecology Landscape ecology Ecosystem ecology Community ecology Population ecology Organismal ecology 6%&'()(*+,%-(../012+%&'()(*+%!! -(../012+%T! :@*E015.5%10KE?1I0*%2K4%5E.4%E@4EN%L12K10%LK1'KN%2K4+%'(/)D%1024@E'2%T! 2+G1'E))+%U%@4R4@@10*%2(%G(G/)EI(05%(R%D1O4@402%5G4'145%9024@E'I(05%!! V4)G%MWP%!! VE@.%MTP%!! =(%4O4'2%M;P%$%!!"!#"!$%6%-(.G4II(0%MT%"%TP%!! R(@%)1.124D%@45(/@'45%T%2K4%5G4'145%2KE2%KE5%E0%ED>E02E*4%(R%*4X0*%(@%/510*%E%@45(/@'4%L1))%(/2'(.G424%%2K4%(2K4@%5G4'145%!!2K15%'E0%)4ED%2(%E%'(.G4II>4%4Y')/51(0%(R%(04%5G4'145%7%A. distichus perches on fence posts and other sunny surfaces. A. insolitus usually perches on shady branches. A. ricordii A. aliniger A. insolitus A. distichus A. christophei A. cybotes A. etheridgei Figure 54.2 -(.G4II(0%MT%"%TP%S45(/@'4%ZE@II(010*%!"!"!%[%SpaceCharacter displacementTime!!"!#"!$%$%Figure 54.5 Z@4DEI(0%M%W%"%T%P%(a) Cryptic coloration (b) Aposematic coloration Canyon tree frog Poison dart frog (c) Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one. (d) Müllerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other. Hawkmoth larva Cuckoo bee Yellow jacket \%Figure 54.6 V4@?1>(@+%M%W%"%T%P%#%!!"!#"!$%7%]+.?1(515%T! CL(%(@%.(@4%5G4'145%2KE2%)1>4%10%D1@4'2%'(02E'2%L12K%(04%E0(2K4@%%%%%%ZE@E51I5.%M%W%"%T%P%%%%%%%%%%%%%%^/2/E)51.%M%W%"%W%P%%% %%%%-(..405E)15.%%%%%%%M%W%"%;%P%%#%GK(2(%'@4D12,%LLL_0K5_/Q"%<%`E'1)12EI(0%M%W%"%W%P%(@%M%;%"%WP%T%0(2%10I.E24%'(02E'2%!;%!!"!#"!$%[%!"##$%%&'(,%54a/40IE)%'KE0*4%10%E%'(../012+%(>4@%I.4N%(b40%R())(L10*%E%D152/@?E0'4%c!%[email protected]@+%]/''4551(0%T%%'()(01dEI(0%(R%04L)+%'@4E24D%KE?12E2%L12K%0(%@4'402%K152(@+%(R%(''/GEI(0%[email protected]%D152/@?E0'4P%c!%]4'(0DE@+%]/''4551(0%T%(''/@5%LK40%E%G)E'4%(''/G14D%?+%)1>10*%2K10*5%15%@42/@04D%2(%E0%4E@)14@%G(102%10%125%4'()(*1'E)%K152(@+%M.(D452%D152/@?E0'4P%%!!%Figure 54.22-4 Pioneer stage, with fireweed dominant Spruce stage Alaska 1760 Glacier Bay 1860 1907 1941 Dryas stage Alder stage 1 4 2 3 0 5 10 15 Kilometers !A%%%[email protected]@+%]/''4551(0%4YE.G)4,%@42@4EI0*%*)E'14@%Last stage- climax stage!!"!#"!$%\%Z1(044@%5G4'145,%eKE2%5G4'145%'KE@E'24@15I'5%D(%+(/%4YG4'2f%3E24T5/''4551(0E)%5G4'145,%C1.4%@T54)4'24D%5G4'145%gT54)4'24D%5G4'145%!6%Figure 54.10 Community 1 A: 25% B: 25% C: 25% D: 25% Community 2 A: 80% B: 5% C: 5% D: 10% A B C D ]G4'145%J1>4@512+%!$%-Smaller: able to use shallower soil or rock- Rapid reproduction (shorter survival periods)- Deeper rooting systems, teller plants!!"!#"!$%#%Figure 54.12 ]G4'145%J1>4@512+%-4DE@%-@44Q%=E2/@E)%V152(@+%h@4E%!7%C@(GK1'%%9024@E'I(05%![%!!"!#"!$%<%Figure 54.13 Carnivore Carnivore Herbivore Carnivore Plant A terrestrial food chain Carnivore Carnivore Carnivore Zooplankton Phytoplankton A marine food chain Quaternary consumers Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Primary producers !\%C@(GK1'%MR44D10*P%@4)EI(05K1G5%81(.E55%E2%4E'K%)4>4)%2KE2%15%0(2%'(05/.4D%M10')/D10*%LE524%G@(D/'25P%%?4'(.45%D42@12/5%)$*+&,-'+$%,%4E2%D42@12/5i%[email protected]@+%'(05/.4@5%)$#'./'%&,'(,%G@('455%(R%'(05/.10*%D4ED%(@*E01'%.E24@1E)%M.(52)+%?E'24@1E%j%R/0*1P%!#%!!"!#"!$%!;%0(1&+$#*2&(*$+3#,'(%%-E@01>(@4%V4@?1>(@4%[email protected]@+%Z@(D/'4@%k%k%W%g&l]C:=&%]Z&-9&]%C@(GK1'%]2@/'2/@4%!<%`((D%e4?%9024@E'I(05%•! hDD10*%.(@4%5G4'145%10'@4E545%'(.G)4Y12+%A;%!!"!#"!$%!!%`((D%L4?%9024@E'I(05%•! `((D%L4?5%'E0%?4%m&Sl%-:^Z3&n%•! 90%EDD1I(0%2(%2K454%D1@4'2%1024@E'I(05N%2K4@4%E@4%.E0+%9=J9S&-C%1024@E'I(05%?42L440%5G4'145%•! V(L%1.G(@2E02%E@4%10D1@4'2%1024@E'I(05%10%[email protected]*%042%1024@E'I(05f%A!%`((D%L4?%9024@E'I(05%`((D%L4?%(R%!"#$#%&'%E0D%125%G@4+%5G4'145%-(.G4II(0%E.(0*%G@4+%ZE104%!<[[%AA%!!"!#"!$%!A%Figure 54.17 EXPERIMENT RESULTS With Pisaster (control) Without Pisaster (experimental) Year ’73 ’72 ’71 ’70 ’69 ’68 ’67 ’66 ’65 ’64 1963 0 5 10 15 20 Number of species present A6%Z@4DE2(@%Z@4+%J+0E.1'5%10%l4))(L52(04%%A$%!!"!#"!$%!6%9024@E'I(05%?42L440%G@4DE2(@5N%K4@?1>(@45N%E0D%[email protected]@+%G@(D/'4@5%4'5-$%265728'9'(:''12A7%&'()(*+,%-(../012+%&'()(*+%C(DE+F5%)4E@010*%(?H4'I>45,%84%E?)4%2(,%!! J45'@1?4%K(L%(@*E015.5%1024@E'2%L12K%(04%E0(2K4@%MK4)GN%[email protected]%(@%0(%4O4'2P%/510*%'(../012+%4'()(*152%[email protected]()(*+%!! J45'@1?4%2K4%'(.G(04025%2KE2%.EQ4%/G%D1>4@512+%!! J45'@1?4%R((D%'KE105%E0D%R((D%L4?5%!!