!!"#$"!%&!&!&'()*)+,-&'().,./01&'()*)+,&20..)3&45&--&6782&!!$9&--&#!&:);01<0=&#$!%&>3?/-&'()*)+,&@)AB,C.&@)D?(-&'().,./01&'()*)+,&@)AB,C.&*0B=3?3+&)<E0(F;0.-&60&B<*0&/)-&!! G0.(=?<0&030=+,&H)I&B3A&3J/=?03/&(,(*?3+&/K=)J+K&B3&0().,./01&=0*BF;0&/)&)=+B3?.1.&*?;?3+&/K0=0&!! G0.(=?<0&D=)AJ(F;?/,&;?B&/=)DK?(&*0;0*.&#&!!"#$"!%&#&Figure 52.2 Global ecology Landscape ecology Ecosystem ecology Community ecology Population ecology Organismal ecology 4&Figure 55.2 Figure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igure 55.4 Key Chemical cycling Energy flow Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Secondary and tertiary consumers Detritus Microorganisms and other detritivores 5&!!"#$"!%&%&Net primary production (kg carbon/m2..yr) 3 2 0 1 !&Z=?1B=,&Z=)AJ(F)3-&&O&.0/.&JD&IKB/C.&B;B?*B<*0&N)=&J.0&I?/K?3&/K0&0().,./01&!![=)..&Z=?1B=,&Z=)AJ(F)3&R[ZZU-&!!:0/&Z=?1B=,&Z=)AJ(F)3&R:ZZU-&Figure 55.6 \&Figure 52.13 (a) Zonation in a lake (b) Marine zonation Littoral zone Limnetic zone Photic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone 0 200 m Continental shelf 2,000 6,000 m Abyssal zone Benthic zone Photic zone Intertidal zone Neritic zone Oceanic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone LKB/&B=0&*?1?/BF)3.&/)&D=)AJ(F;?/,&?3&B]JBF(&0().,./01.M&9&!!"#$"!%&Y&Temperate broadleaf forest Arctic and alpine tundra Northern coniferous forest Temperate grassland Tropical forest Desert Figure 52.10 LKB/&B=0&*?1?/BF)3.&/)&D=)AJ(F;?/,&?3&/0==0./=?B*&0().,./01.M&^&Figure 55.10 Plant material eaten by caterpillar Growth (new biomass; secondary production) Cellular respiration Assimilated Feces Not assimilated 100 J 33 J 67 J 200 J '30=+,&@=B3.N0=&!$&!!"#$"!%&5&Figure 55.11 Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary producers Primary consumers 1,000,000 J of sunlight 10,000 J 1,000 J 100 J 10 J '30=+,&@=B3.N0=&'()*)+?(B*&Z,=B1?A.&!!&Reservoir A Organic materials available as nutrients Living organisms, detritus Reservoir B Organic materials unavailable as nutrients Reservoir D Inorganic materials unavailable as nutrients Reservoir C Inorganic materials available as nutrients Fossilization Burning of fossil fuels Assimilation, photosynthesis Weathering, erosion Formation of sedimentary rock Respiration, decomposition, excretion Peat Coal Oil Minerals in rocks Soil Atmosphere Water Figure 55.13 6?)+0)(K01?(B*&X,(*0.&[030=B*&V)A0*&!#&!!"#$"!%&\&Figure 55.14a Movement over land by wind Precipitation over land Precipitation over ocean Evaporation from ocean Evapotranspira- tion from land Runoff and groundwater Percolation through soil LB/0=&&X,(*0&!4&Figure 55.14b CO2 in atmosphere Photo- synthesis Burning of fossil fuels and wood Phyto- plankton Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Consumers Consumers Decomposition XB=<)3&&X,(*0&!%&!!"#$"!%&9&Figure 55.14c Fixation Denitrification N2 in atmosphere Reactive N gases Industrial fixation N fertilizers Runoff NO3– NO3– NH4+ Decomposition and sedimentation Aquatic cycling Dissolved organic N Terrestrial cycling Decom- position Denitri- fication NO3– NO2– N2 Assimilation Fixation in root nodules Ammonification Nitrification NH4+ NH3 Uptake of amino acids :?/=)+03&&X,(*0&!Y&Figure 55.14d Geologic uplift Wind-blown dust Weathering of rocks Consumption Runoff Decomposition Decomposition Leaching Sedimentation Plant uptake of PO43– Dissolved PO43– Plankton Uptake ZK).DK)=J.&&X,(*0&!5&!!"#$"!%&^&Figure 55.15 Ecosystem type Arctic Subarctic Boreal Temperate Grassland Mountain EXPERIMENT RESULTS 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Mean annual temperature (!!C) Percent of mass lost –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 A K B C D E F G H I J U L M N O P Q R S T A B,C D E,F G H,I J K L M N O P Q R S T U !\&'()*)+,-&'().,./01&'()*)+,&@)AB,C.&*0B=3?3+&)<E0(F;0.-&60&B<*0&/)-&!! G0.(=?<0&030=+,&H)I&B3A&3J/=?03/&(,(*?3+&/K=)J+K&B3&0().,./01&=0*BF;0&/)&)=+B3?.1.&*?;?3+&/K0=0&!!