!"#$%#!&'!'()**+',-./0'/1+''()**+'2/)34-5'67.-)/8*1'97::*1'$%'(;<9'!!"%'$='<3>*?70'$"!&'!'@14>A'B145/)'C*05'/1+'C-138*1'D*+/EF:'D*G43A'()**+',-./0'/1+'2/)34-5'67.-)/8*1'D*+/EF:')7/0141.'*?H738I7:A'(7'/?)7'>*A'!! +7:304?7'/'J*57*:>/83'K77+?/3L'07:G*1:7'K*0'?)**+':-./0'MN#OP'/1+'?)**+'3/)34-5'MN#OP''$'!"#$%#!&'$'QJE'4:'?)**+':-./0'07.-)/8*1'45G*0>/1>R',7>'S*41>A''T*U'+*7:'>J7'?*+E'07:G*1+'>*')*U'?)**+':-./0R'="5.#!""59'V'W*-'H-:>':L4GG7+'/'57/)X'UJ/>'4:'>J7'7Y73>*0'*0./1'K*0'>J7'-GO07.-)/8*1'*K'E*-0'?)**+':-./0')7I7):R'BZ! 94I70'(Z! S/1307/:'2Z! [4+17E'\Z! B)GJ/'27)):']Z! ;1>7:817'&'energy- major source of fuel for respiration.provides carbohydrate skeletons for biosynthesis.(building more complicated molecules from simple ones.)70-110mg/100ml so set point is 90mg/100ml!!"#$%#!&'V'B145/)'C*05'/1+'C-138*1A'()**+',-./0'67.-)/8*1'T*05*17:'!! ^)-3*./1'!! ;1:-)41'_'`'-made by alpha cells in pancreas-target tissues: cells in the liver.-Glucogan signals the conversion of the gylcogen (in liver) to glucose and its release into the blood stream.-made by beta cells in the pancreas.-target tissues: most all cells except the brain to uptake glucose.-cells in the liver: uptake glucose and store as glycogen; decrease glycogen breakdown.!"#$%#!&'&'!"#$%&'(#)$*(#"+,-.&($/"(#",$012$3$$!'+(-4$56"7#&,$/&(#,&44"8$9-,'-:4"$;'<#=,:-(7"$$!"(<&,$/&(#,&44"8$/&(8'.&($!"(<&,>$$!'+(-4$,DB6D'T]6]a''QJ/>'+*'E*-'U/1>'>*'3*1>0*)R'W*-':L4G'/'57/)'b'!"#$%&'(#)$*(#"+,-.&($/"(#",$012$3$$!'+(-4$56"7#&,$/&(#,&44"8$9-,'-:4"$;'<#=,:-(7"$$!"(<&,$/&(#,&44"8$/&(8'.&($!"(<&,>$$!'+(-4$,DB6D'T]6]a''QJ/>'+*'E*-'U/1>'>*'3*1>0*)R'W*-'7/>')*>:'*K''3/0?*JE+0/>7:'%'90mg/100ml90mg/100mlLess than 90mg/100mlBlood glucose sensorIncreased blood glucose levelBlood GlucoseLiver —> breaks down glycogen —>releases glucose into blood60mg is less than 90mgAlpha Cells in Pancreas-110mg/100mlblood glucose sensorbody cells take up glucoseBeta cells in the Pancreas+110 > 90Insulin (hormone)Liver —> Blood glucose levels decreaseblood glucose!"#$%#!&'_'()**+',-./0'67.-)/8*1A''QJ/>'3/1'.*'U0*1.R'M>J41L'/?*->'>J7':45G)7'71+*30417'G/>JU/EP'+4/?7>7:'57))4>-:'•! DEG7';'•! DEG7';;'='^)*?/)';1:>/137:'*K'DEG7';;'\4/?7>7:'•!'`c'*K'>J7'U*0)+F:'G*G-)/8*1'J/:'DEG7';;'\4/?7>7:'M340Z'$"""P''•!'d*:>'J7/I4)E'/Y73>7+'G*G-)/8*1:A'@,BX'G/0>:'*K']-0*G7X'e/G/1X'B-:>0/)4/X';1+4/X'B0.7181/'M34>/8*1A'Q*0)+'T7/)>J'<0./14f/8*1P'!"'- Not Enough insulin- Signal not getting through (target ells are not responding to insulin)Insulin Dependent diabetesImmune system is destroying the beta cells in pancreas (cant produce insulin)Failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin- excess body weight/ lack of exercise Non-insulin Dependent diabetes!"#$%#!&'`'2/)34-5'67.-)/8*1'QJE'4:'2/$N'07.-)/8*1'45G*0>/1>R'!!'B145/)'C*05'/1+'C-138*1A'2/)34-5'67.-)/8*1'T*05*17:'!! G/0/>JE0*4+'J*05*17'MSDTP'!! 3/)34>*141'!$'- Necessary for normal cell functioning- Synaptic transmissionLevels too low: skeletal muscles effected- contract convulsively (tetnus, can be fatal)Levels too high: Calcium Phosphate precipitates can form in the bones- can cause organ damagerange in blood: 9-11 mg/100mL- Produced in the parathyroid- Target tissues:- Bones: Release Ca2+ into the blood stream- Kidneys:A) Reabsorption of Ca2+B )Converts vitamin D into an active hormone which stimulate the uptake of Ca2+ for food- Produced in the thyroid- Targeted tissues:- Bones: inhibits uptake of Ca2+ from bones into the bloodstream- Kidneys: enhances Ca2+ release from kidneys!"#$%#!&'b'Figure 45.20-2 Active vitamin D Increases Ca2++ uptake in intestines Stimulates Ca2++ uptake in kidneys Stimulates Ca2++ release from bones Parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) PTH Blood Ca2++ level rises. Homeostasis: Blood Ca2++ level (about 10 mg/100 mL) STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca2++ level !V'!"#$%&'(#)$*(#"+,-.&($/"(#",$012$3$$!'+(-4$56"7#&,$/&(#,&44"8$9-,'-:4"$;'<#=,:-(7"$$!"(<&,$/&(#,&44"8$/&(8'.&($!"(<&,>$$!'+(-4$,DB6D'T]6]a''QJ/>'+*'E*-'U/1>'>*'3*1>0*)R'g*'54)L'K*0'?07/LK/:>''M)*U'2/$NP'!&'Parathyroid10 mg/100mL9mg/100mLblood Ca2+ sensor/ parathyroid-9 < 10 mg/100mLBones and KidneysPTHreleasing Ca2+converting vitamin D into an active hormone (stimulate uptake of Ca2+ from food)blood level Ca2+ increasesblood Ca2+ level!"#$%#!&'%'!"#$%&'(#)$*(#"+,-.&($/"(#",$012$3$$!'+(-4$56"7#&,$/&(#,&44"8$9-,'-:4"$;'<#=,:-(7"$$!"(<&,$/&(#,&44"8$/&(8'.&($!"(<&,>$$!'+(-4$,DB6D'T]6]a''QJ/>'+*'E*-'U/1>'>*'3*1>0*)R'W*-'7/>'2/$N'043J''K**+'!_'B145/)'C*05'/1+'C-138*1A'()**+',-./0'/1+'2/)34-5'67.-)/8*1'D*+/EF:')7/0141.'*?H738I7:A'(7'/?)7'>*A'!!