!!"#"!#$!$%&'()*+,-).$%&/+01-).$1.*$23,0&4$5&44).$67$88$9:;5$!!7<$88$=$>)?$@7!#$!$A.BC8$D.BE10$F)(E$1.*$F+.,-).$G)*13H4$G)'B,8$%&'()*+,-).$I$%&/+01-).$1.*$23,0&4$G)*13H4$0&1(.B./$)JK&,-?&48$9&$1J0&$C)8$!! ,)E'1(&$1.*$,).C(14C$E10&$1.*$L&E10&$M)(E).&4$1.*$,3,0&4$!! ,)E'1(&$1.*$,).C(14C$E&.4C(+10$1.*$&4C()+4$,3,0&4$!! N.)O$CM&$L)+($4C1/&4$)L$&EJ(3).B,$*&?&0)'E&.C$,)EE).$C)$1.BE104$@$!!"#"!#$@$G()'B,$1.*$P&Q$R)(E).&4$%&/+01C&$%&'()*+,-).$6$G()'B,$1.*$P&Q$R)(E).&4$%&/+01C&$%&'()*+,-).$#$Hypothalamus releases Gunadotropian hormone (GnRH)Causing anterior pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)goes to gonads (target tissue)Males (testies) ————————————————————— Females (ovaries) Male: Androgen hormones (testosterone and Inhibin)testosterone used in gamete production and effects other things like anatomy, puberty, sex drive, aggression.Females: estrogens (estrodiol and progesterone)Estrogens used in gamete production + effects other things such as anatomy, water retention, calcium metabolism.!!"#"!#$6$Figure 46.14 Hypothalamus - - - GnRH Anterior pituitary FSH LH Sertoli cells Leydig cells Inhibin Spermatogenesis Testosterone Testis Negative feedback Negative feedback !"#$%%&$'()*+,-.$%/0,#$%=$F&E10&$%&'()*+,-?&$G(1,C$S$!!"#"!#$#$1234%34%"##%2"''$5356%738235%"5%)."(0%T$Figure 46.15 5 4 1 2 3 Cleavage Fertilization Ovary Ovulation Uterus Cleavage continues Implantation Endometrium (a) From ovulation to implantation (b) Implantation of blastocyst Endometrium Cavity Inner cell mass Blastocyst Trophoblast %&'()*+,-?&$U(),&44$B.$F&E10&4$<$!!"#"!#$=$V$!7$GnRH\/FSH and LH\/Stimulate follicles to grow (generaly one grows however can be more)estrogen levels are low ( - ) feedback.less GnRH sends less FSH and LH causing shedding of uterine lining.!!"#"!#$S$!!$!@$Estrogen levels are high ( + ) feedback which INCREASES GnRH which INCREASES FSH and LH (spikes) and triggers ovulation.More estrogen stimulates the development of the uterine lining.fertilization occured here so estrogen and progtesterone are released to maintain the uterine lining so the uterus is prepared for the fetusnegitive ( - ) feed back causing decrease in GnRH and FSH and LH.In stage 6 if no fertilization, corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone and estrogen are decreased which starts the cycle all over again.!!"#"!#$T$F)($M+E1.4W$4'&(E$,1.$4+(?B?&$+'$C)$=$*134$B.$1$L&E10&$(&'()*+,-?&$C(1,CX$1.$)?+01C&*$&//$,1.$4+(?B?&$L)($@#Y#<$M)+(4Z$A4B./$CMB4$B.L)(E1-).W$1.*$3)+($N.)O0&*/&$)L$M+E1.$(&'()*+,-?&$,3,0&4W$C)$E1QBEB[&$CM&$,M1.,&$)L$/&\./$'(&/.1.C$1$,)+'0&$4M)+0*$C(3$C)$,).,&B?&$).$OMB,M$*13$)L$CM&$E&.4C(+10$,3,0&]$$1^$*13$<$J^$*13$!@$,^$*13$!S$*^$*13$@7$!6$_&.)'1+4&$•! 2&441-).$)L$)?+01-).$1.*$E&.4C(+1-).$–!C3'B,1003$1/&4$#SY=#$`1a&($b$=77$,3,0&4^$•!)?1(B&4$4C)'$(&4').*B./$C)$FPR$1.*$5R$–!$&4C(1*B)0$'()*+,-).$*&,(&14&4$cM3$EB/MC$E&.)'1+4&$J&$1.$&?)0+-).1(3$1*1'C1-).]$!#$!!"#"!#$<$_&.4C(+10$1.*$d4C()+4$23,0&4$$$ $$$$_&.4C(+10 $ $$$$$$$d4C()+4$!$0B.B./$4M&*$&1,M$-E& $$$!$0B.B./$(&1J4)(J&*$!$,3,0&4$4M)(C$`E).CM03^$$$$!$,3,0&4$?1(B1J0&$!$4&Q+10$(&,&'-?BC3$5)8 $$$!$4&Q+10$(&,&'-?BC3$)5#0%0BEBC&*$C)$L&(-0&$'&(B)* $$$$$$$$*+(B./$&4C()+4$'&(B)*$$$ $$$$$$$$$`.+EJ&($'&($3&1($?1(B&4$$ $$$$$$$$$$J3$4'&,B&4^$!=$Figure 47.2 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Sperm Adult frog Egg Metamorphosis Larval stages Zygote Blastula Gastrula Tail-bud embryo FERTILIZATION CLEAVAGE GASTRULATION ORGANO- GENESIS $$2)EE).$$$dEJ(3).B,$$$e&?&0)'E&.C$$$PC1/&4$$$L)($$$D.BE104$!S$!!"#"!#$V$$dEJ(3).B,$e&?&0)'E&.C$PC1/&4$$!Z! F&(-0B[1-).$1^$P'&(E$*B44)0?&4"'&.&C(1C&4$&//H4$'()C&,-?&$013&($C)$(&1,M$CM&$&//H4$'014E1$E&EJ(1.&$J^$P'&(E$JB.*4$C)$&//$(&,&'C)(4$`&.4+(&4$L&(-0B[1-).$J3$CM&$41E&$4'&,B&4^$,^$U)034'&(E3$'(&?&.-).$`'(&?&.C4$1J.)(E10$,M()E)4)E&$.+EJ&(4^$@Z! 20&1?1/&$6Z! f14C(+01-).$I$/&(E$013&($L)(E1-).$" "!$&,C)*&(E$" "!$&.*)*&(E$" "!$E&4)*&(E$#Z!;(/1.)/&.&4B4$I$J&/B..B./$)L$)(/1.$*&?&0)'E&.C$!T$D.BE10$F)(E$1.*$F+.,-).8$%&'()*+,-).$Y$%&/+01-).$1.*$23,0&4$G)*13H4$0&1(.B./$)JK&,-?&48$9&$1J0&$C)8$!! ,)E'1(&$1.*$,).C(14C$(&'()*+,-).$L)($E10&4$1.*$L&E10&4$!! ,)E'1(&$1.*$,).C(14C$E&.4C(+10$1.*$&4C()+4$,3,0&4$!! N.)O$CM&$L)+($4C1/&4$)L$&EJ(3).B,$*&?&0)'E&.C$,)EE).$C)$1.BE104$GMB.N$1J)+C8$cM1C$1(&$1*?1.C1/&4$1.*$*B41*?1.C1/&4$)L$E&.4C(+10$1.*$&4C()+4$,3,0&4]$!<$-Outer layer-digestive tract-Organs and suchHave all 3 layers: triploblast with bilateral symentry.Have top two layers: diploblasts with lateral