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igure 53.4 (a) Clumped (b) Uniform (c) Random JD5.4A5D(2%PA4>D4LQ%$%!!"!#"!$%6%Figure 53.3 Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Births and immigration add individuals to a population. Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population. 7%%%8%%%J%%%&%V%B::!NB::V,%?(2DE(A4G%!$:6%245E5%#%!!"!#"!$%$%W0AX%02G%R4'0.E/A4%-K(E(,%'(/AE45+%(M%3+22%Y.D'K4A%2%Z%6<6%0G/)E5%2%Z%B6![%245E)D2*5%<%J4?(*A0.K+%!! G4?(*A0.K+%N! EK4%5E/G+%(M%>DE0)%5E0151'5%(M%.(./)01(25%02G%K(L%EK4+%'K02*4%(>4A%1?4%!! )DM4NE0@)45%%N%0*4%5.4'DS'%5/??0AD45%(M%5/A>D>0)%!!E+.D'0))+%(M%0%'(K(AE%P50?4%0*4%D2GD>DG/0)5Q%!! 5/A>D>(A5KD.%'/A>45%N%*A0.KD'0)%A4.A4542E01(2%!!EK4%.A(.(A1(2%(A%2/?@4A5%(M%0%'(K(AE%0)D>4%0E%40'K%0*4%;%!!"!#"!$%V%Table 53.1 3DM4%F0@)45%[%Males Females 1,000 100 10 1 Age (years) Number of survivors (log scale) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Figure 53.5 Y/A>D>(A5KD.%\/A>45%!:%!!"!#"!$%#%!!!"!!"!"1,000 100 10 1 100 50 0 Percentage of maximum life span Number of survivors (log scale) Figure 53.6 Y/A>D>(A5KD.%\/A>45%!!%3DM4N]D5E(A+%!! 3DM4NKD5E(A+%N! EA0DE5%EK0E%0O4'E%(A*02D5?5%5'K4G/)4%(M%A4.A(G/'1(2%02G%5/A>D>0)%N! 8EH5%0@(/E%#$%&'()*+"%M(A%4^0?.)4, %N%54?4).0ADE+%N! DE4A(.0ADE+%!B%!!"!#"!$%<%3DM4N]D5E(A+%%% %%5/A>D>0)% %%%%%%A4.A(G/'1(2%!6%Figure 53.3 Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Births and immigration add individuals to a population. Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population. -(./)01(2%W(G4)5%\K02*4%D2%.(./)01(2%5D_4%(>4A%1?4%Z%P7%`%8Q%a%PJ%`%&Q%!$%!!"!#"!$%;%,-./$'"01"2%3")4"#5'"6%78/$/"%9&":/*%;)"63$-9.+"<%=)9%;">'+'$?'+"-9"@'9A%B"C%+#"D4$-E%1"bDc4?+4A%dU%J0@0))42%JU%J(/*)05N]0?D)E(2%8%PB:!6Q%\(?.0A01>4%J4?(*A0.K+%(M%02%eENRD5X%eMAD'02%&)4.K02E%-(./)01(2T%-3(Y%9=&%;P!Q,%4V6<B#T%G(D,!:T!6<!"I(/A20)T.(24T::V6<B#%Kc.,""LLLT.)(5(24T(A*"0A1')4"D2M(,G(D"!:T!6<!"I(/A20)T.(24T::V6<B#%!V%,-./$'"F1"D99/%;"6%78/$/"3)3/;%=)9"&'7).$%35A"%9&"3)3/;%=)9"#$'9&G"H%I"J5'"9/78'$")4"8-$#5+"H8;%EK"8%$+IB"&'%#5+"H.$%A"8%$+IB"%9&"#5'"3)3/;%=)9"+-L'"%#"#5'"'9&")4"'%E5"A'%$1"bDc4?+4A%dU%J0@0))42%JU%J(/*)05N]0?D)E(2%8%PB:!6Q%\(?.0A01>4%J4?(*A0.K+%(M%02%eENRD5X%eMAD'02%&)4.K02E%-(./)01(2T%-3(Y%9=&%;P!Q,%4V6<B#T%G(D,!:T!6<!"I(/A20)T.(24T::V6<B#%Kc.,""LLLT.)(5(24T(A*"0A1')4"D2M(,G(D"!:T!6<!"I(/A20)T.(24T::V6<B#%7DAEK5"J40EK5%f&eR%F(E0)%-(./)01(2%YD_4%7DAEK5% J40EK5% -(./)01(2%YD_4%!#%!!"!#"!$%[%-(./)01(25%*A(L%@+%7/;=3;-E%=)9"-0c4A25%(M%-(./)01(2%dA(LEK%!%B%6%$%:%FD?4%!<%Year Elephant population 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Figure 53.8 &^.(24210)%dA(LEK%!;%!!"!#"!$%!:%3(*D51'%dA(LEK%JD5'(/212*%E4A?%E(%0''(/2E%M(A%G425DE+"M).-+=E".$)N#5"'O9,%%%%%%%%%%%%Z%A=%%%!%N%%%%G=%%GE%=%g%$"P"S2DE4%A0E4%(M%D2'A4054%/2G4A%DG40)%'(2GD1(25%%<%Z%'/AA42E%.(./)01(2%5D_4%@%Z%'0AA+D2*%'0.0'DE+%
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