01 22 34 5567 22 00 4 8 0659 012 3 04 561 713 89 71 5 3 2 5 713 89 2 1AB 56C A 1 D 1 151 E12 2 3 1 12 4 12 1 F 2 C 21 D 9 21 14 G 1 9 C 21 3 2 8 4 H1 2 51 2 C1 461 28 245 42 C 2 61 E12 1 12 4 61 3 I52 61 012 3 04 561 713 89 71 5 3 2 5 J 12 4 61 KI52 61 L 12M G F 8142 214 1 3 52 A F 51 3 61 1E F 5 N 2 6C 1 I 2 C 21 N F 2 4 F F2 A1C 14 51 O J 151 E12 2 F 1P 3 Q4 2 0 1 J 12 4 12 H 1G T F S6 37 34 5381 U 211 D S9 3 5 5381 R G A1A Q4 3 S2 34 5 3 51 V 0 F A M 02 FG 2 T F 2 WWWW 1 F 2 C 21 3 WWWWW G 2 O O HO YO KO X 11 165N R8 21 165N 1 R8 11 165N 1 R8 21 165N R8 11 165O Z L H1 3 2 2 T F 3 T F A M 1 2 T F 2 WWWWW 1 F 2 C 21 3 WWWWWWWG 2 O O HO YO KO X 11 165N R8 21 165N 1 R8 11 165N 1 R8 21 165N R8 11 165N H1 2 51 2 1 12 4 61 T F 2 02 FG 2 O F 5F T F 12 M 8 1 1 12 G 2 F8 O R1G F 5F T F A B 8 B CD E12 GF I 2 5 E 3 1 C 1 A 5 21A HO A F 221G 1 F 3 2 A1C 1 3 5 E F T F 1 1 3 12 G 2O H1 2 3 1 E2 FG 2 T FN 814 G14 3 I 5 2 T F 1 O O HO YO R C 12 3 4 42 R C 12 51 5 2 3 42 21345 F 14 1E 42 21345 1 42 a 3 21A 3 61 V Figure 44 8 F A G Most toxic Ammonia Nucleic acids Amino acids Nitrogenous bases NH2 Amino groups Most aquatic animals including most bony fishes H I Proteins Mammals most amphibians sharks some bony fishes less toxic Urea Many reptiles including birds insects land snails Uric acid Least toxic Figure 44 8a Most aquatic animals including most bony fishes Ammonia Mammals most amphibians sharks some bony fishes Urea Many reptiles including birds insects land snails Uric acid I J A G Z KC1 461 28 245 42 b 2 61 E12 J 12 4 61 3 KI52 61 21 1 F2 3 c G12 F2 3 3 F 4A4 22 2 2 F21 13 U 3 8 C 2 A2 3 1 F 2 5F123 L Figure 44 11 21 1 F2 3 Nucleus of cap cell Flame bulb Tubule Tubules of protonephridia Cilia Interstitial fluid flow Opening in body wall Tubule cell Figure 44 12 F2 3 Coelom Capillary network Components of a metanephridium Collecting tubule Internal opening Bladder External opening V Figure 44 13 F 74A4 Digestive tract Rectum Hindgut Intestine Midgut Malpighian stomach tubules Salt water and Feces nitrogenous and urine wastes To anus Malpighian tubule Rectum Reabsorption HEMOLYMPH Z Figure 44 14 a U 3 8 Excretory Organs Kidney Structure Posterior vena cava Renal cortex Renal medulla Cortical Juxtamedullary nephron nephron Renal artery Kidney Renal artery and vein Renal vein Aorta Ureter Urinary bladder Nephron Types Renal cortex Ureter Urethra Renal medulla Renal pelvis 012 3 04 561 3 2 5 713 89 2 1AB 56C A 1 D 1 151 E12 2 3 1 12 4 12 1 F 2 C 21 D 9 21 14 G 1 F 2 C 21 3 2 8 4 H1 2 51 2 C1 461 28 245 42 C 2 61 E12 1 12 4 61 3 I52 61 7F M A14 R1G 31 GF 814 d 5 1 12 4 61 8142 A138 a