012 3455 0 67 89 3 4 4 A B012 C DE F5 C G1 012 C DE F5 4E 010 H4 I 45 84 E 4 2 J45 1 4 K L E015 5 1024 E 2 L12K 04 E0 2K4 MK4 GN KE N 0 4O4 2P 510 012 4 152 24 10 J45 1 4 2K4 G 04025 2KE2 EQ4 G D1 4 512 J45 1 4 R D KE105 E0D R D L4 5 S4 E24 D1 4 512 2 R D L4 5 A Figure 52 2 Global ecology Landscape ecology Ecosystem ecology Community ecology Population ecology Organismal ecology 6 012 012 T E015 5 10KE 1I0 2K4 5E 4 E 4EN L12K10 LK1 KN 2K4 D 1024 E 2 T 2 G1 E U 4R4 10 2 G G EI 05 R D1O4 402 5G4 145 9024 E I 05 V4 G MWP VE MTP 4O4 2 M P A G4II 0 MT TP R 1 124D 45 45 T 2K4 5G4 145 2KE2 KE5 E0 ED E02E 4 R 4X0 510 E 45 4 L1 2 G424 2K4 2K4 5G4 145 2K15 E0 4ED 2 E G4II 4 4Y 51 0 R 04 5G4 145 7 A distichus perches on fence posts and other sunny surfaces A insolitus usually perches on shady branches G4II 0 MT TP S45 4 ZE II 010 A ricordii Space Character displacement A insolitus A aliniger A distichus Time A christophei A cybotes A etheridgei Figure 54 2 6 Z 4DEI 0 M W T P a Cryptic coloration b Aposematic coloration Canyon tree frog Poison dart frog c Batesian mimicry A harmless species mimics a harmful one Hawkmoth larva d M llerian mimicry Two unpalatable species mimic each other Cuckoo bee Yellow jacket Figure 54 5 V4 1 M W T P Figure 54 6 1 515 T CL 4 5G4 145 2KE2 1 4 10 D1 4 2 02E 2 L12K 04 E0 2K4 ZE E51I5 M W T P 2 E 51 M W W P GK 2 4D12 LLL 0K5 Q 405E 15 M W P E 1 12EI 0 M W W P M WP T 0 2 10I E24 02E 2 7 54a 40IE KE0 4 10 E 012 4 I 4N b40 R L10 E D152 E0 4 c Z 1 E 4551 0 T 01dEI 0 R 04L 4E24D KE 12E2 L12K 0 4 402 K152 R GEI 0 M4Y2 4 4 D152 E0 4P c 4 0DE 4551 0 T 5 LK40 E G E 4 G14D 1 10 2K10 5 15 42 04D 2 E0 4E 14 G 102 10 125 4 1 E K152 M D452 D152 E0 4P Z 1 E 4551 0 4YE G 4 42 4EI0 E 14 1941 1907 2 Dryas stage 1 Pioneer stage with fireweed dominant 1860 0 5 10 15 Kilometers Glacier Bay Alaska 1760 4 Spruce stage Last stage climax stage Figure 54 22 4 3 Alder stage A eKE2 5G4 145 KE E 24 15I 5 D 4YG4 2f C1 4 Z1 044 5G4 145 3E24T5 4551 0E 5G4 145 Smaller able to use shallower soil or rock Rapid reproduction shorter survival periods Deeper rooting systems teller plants T54 4 24D 5G4 145 gT54 4 24D 5G4 145 6 G4 145 J1 4 512 A B C D Community 1 A 25 B 25 C 25 D 25 Community 2 A 80 B 5 C 5 D 10 Figure 54 10 G4 145 J1 4 512 4DE 44Q E2 E V152 h 4E Figure 54 12 7 C GK1 9024 E I 05 Figure 54 13 Carnivore Quaternary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Tertiary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Secondary consumers Carnivore Herbivore Primary consumers Zooplankton Plant Primary producers Phytoplankton A terrestrial food chain A marine food chain C GK1 MR44D10 P 4 EI 05K1G5 81 E55 E2 4E K 4 4 2KE2 15 0 2 05 4D M10 D10 LE524 G D 25P 4 45 D42 12 5 M 52 E 24 1E j R 0 1P 4E2 D42 12 5i G 1 E 05 4 5 G 455 R 05 10 D4ED E01 E24 1E C GK1 2 2 4 0 1 2 3 g l C Z 9 E 01 4 k W V4 1 4 k Z 1 E Z D 4 D e4 9024 E I 05 hDD10 4 5G4 145 10 4E545 G 4Y12 A D L4 9024 E I 05 D L4 5 E0 4 m Sl Z3 n 90 EDD1I 0 2 2K454 D1 4 2 1024 E I 05N 2K4 4 E 4 E0 9 J9S C 1024 E I 05 42L440 5G4 145 V L 1 G 2E02 E 4 10D1 4 2 1024 E I 05 10 D424 1010 042 1024 E I 05f A D L4 9024 E I 05 D L4 R E0D 125 G 4 5G4 145 ZE104 G4II 0 E 0 G 4 AA Figure 54 17 EXPERIMENT Number of species present RESULTS 20 15 10 5 0 With Pisaster control Without Pisaster experimental 1963 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Year A6 Z 4DE2 Z 4 J 0E 1 5 10 l4 L52 04 A A 4 5 2 9024 E I 05 42L440 G 4DE2 5N K4 1 45N E0D G 1 E G D 4 5 6572 8 9 12 A7 012 C DE F5 4E 010 H4 I 45 84 E 4 2 J45 1 4 K L E015 5 1024 E 2 L12K 04 E0 2K4 MK4 GN KE N 0 4O4 2P 510 012 4 152 24 10 J45 1 4 2K4 G 04025 2KE2 EQ4 G D1 4 512 J45 1 4 R D KE105 E0D R D L4 5 S4 E24 D1 4 512 2 R D L4 5 CK10Q E 2 eKE2 GK 1 E N GK 51 1 E N E0D 4KE 1 E KE E 24 15I 5 D 2K4 E015 5 E2 l4 L52 04 KE 4 2KE2 1 G 4 2K41 KE0 45 R 5 1 E E0D 4G D I 0f A 6