01 2 3455 2 6 7893 4 4A B C2DE F G0 H5 F D 01 2 F G0 H5 40A2D2 I4 1 45 74 0 4 E J45 AD 4 K L DM4NE0 45 02G 5 A D A5KD A 45 A4 A4542E 01 25 4A 1 4 J45 AD 4 EA0G4N O5 4EL442 5 A D 0 02G A4 A G 1 2 P DM4 KD5E A EA0DE5Q R4 0E4 01 2 A LEK E A 02D5 5H 42 DA 2 42E5 P0 D 1 02G D 1 Q B J4S2D2 01 25 01 2 N 0 A M D2GD DG 0 5 M EK4 50 4 5 4 D45 EK0E D 4 D2 EK4 50 4 424A0 0A40 PDT4TU E4210 M D2E4A0 12 Q G425DE N EK4 2 4A M D2GD DG 0 5 4A 2DE 0A40 A 4 GD5 4A5D 2 N EK4 5 0 D2 M D2GD DG 0 5 D2 0 01 2 6 JD5 4A5D 2 a Clumped PA4 D4LQ b Uniform c Random Figure 53 4 B 7 8 J Births Deaths Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population Births and immigration add individuals to a population Immigration Emigration Figure 53 3 V B NB V 2DE A4G 6 245E5 6 W0AX 02G R4 0 E A4 2 Z 6 6 0G E5 K E AE45 M 3 22 Y D K4A 2 Z B6 245E D2 5 J4 A0 K G4 A0 K N EK4 5E G M DE0 5E0151 5 M 01 25 02G K L EK4 K02 4 4A 1 4 DM4NE0 45 N 0 4 5 4 DS 5 0AD45 M 5 A D 0 E D 0 M 0 K AE P50 4 0 4 D2GD DG 0 5Q 5 A D A5KD A 45 N A0 KD 0 A4 A4542E01 2 EK4 A A1 2 A 2 4A5 M 0 K AE 0 D 4 0E 40 K 0 4 3DM4 F0 45 Table 53 1 Y A D A5KD A 45 Number of survivors log scale 1 000 100 Figure 53 5 Females 10 1 Males 0 2 4 6 Age years 8 10 V Number of survivors log scale Y A D A5KD A 45 1 000 100 10 1 0 Figure 53 6 50 Percentage of maximum life span 100 3DM4N D5E A 3DM4NKD5E A N EA0DE5 EK0E 0O4 E A 02D5 5 5 K4G 4 M A4 A G 1 2 02G 5 A D 0 N 8EH5 0 E M A 4 0 4 N 54 4 0ADE N DE4A 0ADE B 3DM4N D5E A 5 A D 0 A4 A G 1 2 6 01 2 W G4 5 Births Births and immigration add individuals to a population Immigration Figure 53 3 Deaths Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population Emigration K02 4 D2 01 2 5D 4 4A 1 4 Z P7 8Q a PJ Q 01 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 63 9 9 9 9A B C D4 E 1 V bDc4 4A dU J0 0 42 JU J 05N 0 D E 2 8 PB 6Q 0A01 4 J4 A0 K M 02 eENRD5X eMAD 02 4 K02E 01 2T 3 Y 9 P Q 4V6 B T G D T 6 I A20 T 24T V6 B Kc LLLT 5 24T A 0A1 4 D2M G D T 6 I A20 T 24T V6 B F1 D99 6 78 3 3 9 7 35A 9 3 3 9 9 G H I J5 9 78 4 8 5 H8 EK 8 IB 5 H A 8 IB 9 5 3 3 9 L 5 9 4 E5 A 1 01 2 YD 4 F E0 01 2 YD 4 J40EK5 7DAEK5 J40EK5 7DAEK5 f eR bDc4 4A dU J0 0 42 JU J 05N 0 D E 2 8 PB 6Q 0A01 4 J4 A0 K M 02 eENRD5X eMAD 02 4 K02E 01 2T 3 Y 9 P Q 4V6 B T G D T 6 I A20 T 24T V6 B Kc LLLT 5 24T A 0A1 4 D2M G D T 6 I A20 T 24T V6 B 0c4A25 M 01 2 dA LEK 01 25 A L 7 3 E 9 FD 4 B 6 24210 dA LEK Elephant population 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1900 1910 Figure 53 8 1920 1930 1940 Year 1950 1960 1970 3 D51 dA LEK M E N 5 O9 G Z A N g GE JD5 212 E4A E 0 2E M A G425DE P S2DE4 A0E4 M D2 A4054 2G4A DG40 2GD1 25 Z AA42E 01 2 5D 4 Z 0AA D2 0 0 DE 01 2 R4 01 2 R4 D4L bK0E A 45545 2EAD E45 E K02 4 D2 01 2 5D 4h 5 9 Q 5 Q 3 P8 D A01 2 D2E D A01 2 E MQ RSDJ T UC6 CUT2C 2T C 2VT JD J D6 QC 6 JW U CD6C6X EAD25D M A 45 5E 4 0O4 12 EK454 A 45545 A4 05 G425DE D2 A40545 B 01 2 R4 01 2 bK0E M0 E A5 D KE E 8 5 U 9E 7 AU A 9E 3 E M 02 0A40 LK42 G425DE D2 A40545h M 7 9 E P 411 2Q N V E P24512 5DE45 E4AADE AD45 5 0 4Q N V 5 9 H I FA025 D55D 2 A0E4 D2 A40545 LDEK G425DE V V 05D4A E G4E4 E 0 E A4 A4 K 5E LK42 G425DE D5 KD K b4 0 EK454 J Y8FfNJ J F M0 E A5 B 01 2 R4 01 2 Q 9 A 3 9 9 4 E 4O4 E 2 DAEK A0E45U G40EK A0E45U 02G GD5 4A50 A0E45 K02 45 05 01 2 G425DE K02 45 74 0 54 G425DE G4 42G42E M0 E A5 A45 2G E 01 2 G425DE U EK4 02 CYZMDJC 01 25 Q 9 A 9 3 9 9 4 E 4O4 E 2 DAEK 02G G40EK A0E45 0A4 D2G4 42G42E M 01 2 5D 4 0 45 N E4 4A0E A4 N A4 D DE01 2 N 5E A 5 N GA KE5 BB 0c4A25 M 01 2 K02 4 C 3 9 9 M E 65 3 4 E R5 9 N 5 9 9 X HN5 E 9 9 XI R5 4 5 A N E 3 9 E5 A3 4 N 5X B6 01 2 F G0 H5 40A2D2 I4 1 45 74 0 4 E J45 AD 4 K L DM4NE0 45 02G 5 A D A5KD A 45 A4 A4542E 01 25 4A 1 4 J45 AD 4 EA0G4N O5 4EL442 5 A D 0 02G A4 A G 1 2 P DM4 KD5E A EA0DE5Q R4 0E4 01 2 A LEK E A 02D5 5H 42 DA 2 42E5 P0 D 1 02G D 1 Q FKD2X 0 E 85 K 02 01 2 A LEK P544 24 E 5 DG4Q 5 5E0D20 4h bK0E A405 25 4 DG42 4 5 AE A D2D 2h B B 02 01 2 dA LEK 24210 A LEK A0E4 …